Hobbes

Question 1

hobbes frontispiece

Answer 1

o Depicted a colossal king ruling over mountains villages and cities
o Made up of multitude of indivdi
o Reflected personation artificial person authroised by mulltude
o Facing towards head look to state person //which one
o Whilst original looked more artificial, faces looking out , mask being worn
o Holding sword temporal power, crosier (bishop hook- spiritual power- church and state together
o Latin motto- job 41:24 ‘there is no power on earth to be compared to him’

Question 2

methodllogy

Answer 2

• Ransitional thinker renaissance humanism to enlightenment sci
• Not purley sci method
  rhetoric

Question 3

not purely sci method 1

Answer 3

o Write age sci rev
o Live and write paris w decsartes
o Galileo met 1629
o Political phil shold be pursued with the same rigour and clarity as geometry
 Based on propositions deduction and predictable human behavour

Question 4

not purely sci method 2

Answer 4

o Each o fthem in relation to his key natural right of self preservation signif feature eo fhis work- tye set of political laws to supposedly sci notion tht humans definitively hold a self centered trait by natur
o Personation rmeinas central hobbes natural law- only trhoug process personation such laws enforced under control authroitivae soverign actor
o De cive- 1642 first ppolitcial sci text, rational sci approach

Question 5

rhetoric

Answer 5

o Humanist
o More effective communication tool
o But unstable and sistrusted

Question 6

rhetoric unstanbel and mistrusted

Answer 6

 Tool manipulation esp demagogues and clerg y
 Translated thucydided feared political instability caused by pursuasive but reckless speakers, chaos fromdemocracy
 Language a source of discord unless strictly controlled

Question 7

leviathan themes

Answer 7

human nature
state of nature
personation
social contract
liberty
constitutional form
who writing for- steering middle course

Question 8

human nature

Answer 8

self preservation
self centrerd
equal
bad
law of nature

Question 9

self preservation

Answer 9

 ‘small families’ once collab mutual protection so ‘now do cities and kingdomes’
 Larger political assc expand and form alliances- unde rpretect of ‘weaken[ing[ their neighbours’
* Perhaps in hope that ‘remebered for it with honour

Question 10

self centered

Answer 10

 ‘restlesse desire of power after power’ a motivation which ‘ceaseth only in death’ hoping to attain ‘more intensive delight’
 Crave diginity honour and esteem- Fukuyama- thumos cravig dignity , megalothymia desire recognised as superior

Question 11

equal human nagture

Answer 11

 Made ‘equall in the faculties of body and mind’- greater comp
 Hence willing to ‘kill subsude supplant or repell the other
 Comp over ‘praise’
 ‘if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies’

Question 12

bad human nature

Answer 12

 The wicked were fewer than the righteous
 ‘when men go to sleep he locks his dores’- violent life
 Native americans- ‘have no government at all, and live at this day in that brutish manner’

Question 13

law of nature

Answer 13

 To sek peace and follow it
 Second- relinquish natural righst to concede to soveriegn power
 Keeping promises
 Gratitude
 Allow personation to occurs

Question 14

state of nature why

Answer 14

o Warning that if not respect social contract retrn
o Thought experiemnet
o Understand how humans interacted naturally without artificial authroity
o Chaos

Question 15

state of nature

Answer 15

chaos
econ
nasty brutish and short
against aristotle political animals

Question 16

chaos state of nature

Answer 16

 Without ‘a common power to keep them all in awe’ soc collapses into war ‘of every man, against every man’
* ‘condition of warr’echaos econ

Question 17

state of nature- against aritsotle politcila animals

Answer 17

 De cive v.5 socila animals bees or ants ‘shoul dnot be clale dpolitical, of rtheir gov is only an accord’
 Politics requires precisely the reunication of oes own desires and projects in the interess of a united course of action

Question 18

state of nature econ

Answer 18

• ‘no place of industry’
• ‘no culture of the earth’
• ‘no navigation
• ‘solitary poore

Question 19

personation

Answer 19

representation
artificial
united
involuntary
abstract with religion
tool- organisation of gov

Question 20

personation- artificial

Answer 20

 Functions like a machine- life is the motion of its parts working together under soveriegn authority
 Dies when that unity dissolves or soveirgen power fails
 Linked to automota at time, artificial mechanisms- watches
 Inverse of artistotle- human nature political naturally in political communities, instead man mafe
- frontispiece

Question 21

personation frontispeice

Answer 21

origional 165 1by abrham bosse
texture and tone of face smooth and opaque whilstrest is of small tiny human figures

Question 22

united personation

Answer 22

 ‘united in one person
 The multude of men are made one person
 The unity of the representer’ over the ‘unity of the represented’ is what makes the ‘person one’

Question 23

involuntay personation

Answer 23

 without reason- like ‘children, fooles and mad-men’ that have no rational thinking capabilities of their own, and so may be ‘personated by Guardians’
 paternalism, need hep making decisions aided doing so
 echo aristotleian belief children immature rationality needed personation help

Question 24

abstract with religion personation

Answer 24

 god could be personated
 was first by moses, then by son of man, holy ghost
 physicality eeded for this ‘person’ rep god on earth
 monarchs imbue gods divine power

Question 25

personation tool organisation fo gov

Answer 25

organisation of gov  ch23  minsters hold ‘authority’ over idff asepcts of sate  publique ministers’ lok after econ of commonwealth, concern ‘treaure’ ‘tributes’ ‘impositions’  do not divide oneness of soeveign-

Question 26

personation not divide oness of soveriegn

Answer 26

* serve person rep’ * ‘can do nothing against his command, nor without his authority * Serve soevriegn in ‘political capcity’

Question 27

social contract

Answer 27

should do willing/desperate conquest

Question 28

should do social conrtact

Answer 28

 ‘maketh a covenant with the actor’  Rights transferred to representer

Question 29

social conrtact wiling/desperate

Answer 29

 Covenant not to defend my selfe from force, by force is alws void  From ‘fear of eath and ouwnds’ ‘fear of invasion’ ‘fear of one anotehr’  Commonwealths only exist as long as there are ‘internal diseases’ within society  The state could not e founded on benevelone alone * Not surrender irghts just to e nice

Question 30

social cnotract consent

Answer 30

 ‘conquest, is not the victory istlf’ rather ‘acquisition by victory, of a right, over the persons of men’ * In order to be deemed effectively in control of group of people, need to be part of a covenant * Contradict rest of book, reiew and conclusion

Question 31

when can consent with conquest

Answer 31

 Only ‘consent to a conquere when previous obligation was at an end’ * Failed to protect from foriagn or each other * If ‘cannot performe the office they have put him into ‘ * ‘defend thenm’ ‘from foreign enemies’ and from ‘the inuries of one anotehr’ * Then ‘there is no longer a common-wealth

Question 32

liberty

Answer 32

meaning surrendered although maintain some rule of law morality too much

Question 33

liberty meaning

Answer 33

 Freedom ‘each man hath to use his own power’ ‘for the preservation of his own nature’ mared by the ‘absence of external impediments’  Preserve right protect themselves  Free man- one hwo can do things ‘by his strength and wit’ without hindrance  Freedom of speech ‘not the liberty of voice or proununciation ‘ * Instead one to whom ‘ no law hath obliged o speak otherwise than he did ‘

Question 34

liberty freedom of movement quote

Answer 34

 'fear and liberty are consistent, for when a man throws his goods into the sea for the fear the ship should sink, he doth very willingly, and may refuse to doe it if he wills'

Question 35

liberty surrendered

Answer 35

 ‘lay down certaine rights of nature’  Do ‘not have libertie to do all they lists

Question 36

ome liberties maintained

Answer 36

 'the liberty to buy, sell, and otherwise contract with one another' within the limits of the law,  and allowing men 'to choose their own abode, their own diet, their own trade of life, and to institute their children as they themselves think fit'

Question 37

rule of law

Answer 37

every man giveth away the right of defending another; but not of defending himselfe’ * Should be left to sovereign tool to govern enforced

Question 38

rule of law enforced

Answer 38

covenants, without the sword are but words’

Question 39

rule of law tool to govern

Answer 39

* punishing with corporall or pecuniary punishment’ those who do ‘dis-service’ to the commonwealth * power * ‘provincilal lawes’ ‘not made by custome but byt the soveriegn power’

Question 40

morality

Answer 40

 Determinby ‘the measure o fgood and evil actions ‘ in relation to ‘the civill law’ which is jduged by the ‘rep’ of the commonwealth  Perosnator judges what is and is not just  Without a commonwealth/before ‘constitited great commonwealths’ it was ‘no dishonour to be a pyrate, or a high-way theefe’ no determination law nad moralso m

Question 41

cuh liberty

Answer 41

state of nature

Question 42

constitutional form

Answer 42

not nec monarchist con sovereignty one person most important thing is consent anti mixed constitution too authoritative

Question 43

constituional form not nec monarchist

Answer 43

balance of authorty and liberty  Less likely to make ‘rash’ deciisons as ‘faculty of solid reasoning  Democratic oveirgnty legit and potentially effective  Tolerated fforms like ronan republic or venetian council where soveignty held by people exercised by select magistrates- aristocracy

Question 44

con soverigenty resides one person

Answer 44

 Indivdi may be inclined ‘to private revenges’ and ‘sometimes’ endeavouring ‘the unsettling of the publique peace’

Question 45

anti mixed constition

Answer 45

 ‘not governent’ instead  ‘divisions of the commonwealth into three factions ‘ ‘nor one rep person, but three’

Question 46

too authoritive

Answer 46

 Potential- has all rights and anti mixed constition  Roles- mke appt, reward punish, conduct fp, legislate  Garner favour felmer hobebs and divine right of kngds

Question 47

garner favour

Answer 47

rewarding with riches’ and ‘punsihing with corporall or pecuniary puishment’

Question 48

felmer

Answer 48

patriarcha kig is like a father, publicshe dlate leizabethan * Paternal relationship, divine right of kinds * Roman law les regia describes transfer of powers people to king * Symbolic through the cornation o fthe king- canssay embodies the will of the people as kig james 6th 1st ladi dout

Question 49

james 1st and 6th

Answer 49

o The true law of free monarchies 1598- theoretical defence divine right of iingds- monarchs derive authority from god alone not from people or any earthly institution o James argued that kings are like fathers o their people, their uthrity both absolute and divinely sanctioned

Question 50

hobbes divine right of kings

Answer 50

* Believs should not lean on god,hides away problem, * Peple have been included somehow- lex regia power form god and comes people * Hobbes concern idea not thorugh conquer coronation, ceremony promise to people, portect them not sell kingdom * Promise implies mutial relationship of power once tranfer can eb returned if broken-flimsiness * Hobbes differs people need to surrender their rights , nature of coevrnant * Irrecoverable transfer of rights

Question 51

hobbes where says steer middle course

Answer 51

o Leter dedicatory- aimed to steer a middle course between too grea liberty and stoo much authority

Question 52

why hobbes steering middle course

Answer 52

diggers finge political society levellers more of a problem aiming to appeal both sides as could be interpreted aiming to persuade

Question 53

levellers

Answer 53

more of a problem  Want universal male suffrage, rathe rthan chaosanarchy  Hobbes Concern that would return to mob rule state of naure  Levellers support comes from the army, initially support Cromwell

Question 54

aim to appeal both sides

Answer 54

 Gave copy to Charles ii  People in power read it

Question 55

aim to persude

Answer 55

 Everyone can unite on the fear of state of nature, everohone ultimately wants peace  Thus it the soevriegn authority an fer ‘awesome’ revert state of nature

Question 56

steer middle course- lacks balnce

Answer 56

republicans mixed constition bodin transcend constitional issue

Question 57

republicans

Answer 57

mixed constitution * Aristotle lass balance, economic interest each other * No one element of society above one another * Collective responsibility res publica what is right then collective, leaithan does incoprate this  But hobbes concerned about factionalism, reactive opinons  Aristotle wants flourishing hobbes wants security * Individual right smroe important aritsotle

Question 58

bbodine

Answer 58

rips appart the mixed ocnstition as an illogical conrtsuct * Too many loci of power- splitting power 3 ways

Question 59

transcend constitional issue

Answer 59

as long eng is united * Scientific revolution,c limate 17thc, influenced by Descartes who wanted to destroy traditions * Hobes was bored of debates clascis reaindg cicero, analsysi reply hasn’t worked- eruope was in crisis * Endless debate was the cause of the English civil war