Holderness Coast Caste Study

Question 1

How long is the Holderness coastline

Answer 1

61 km long

Question 2

What are the cliffs made out of in the Holderness

Answer 2

Boulder clay

Question 3

How does Erosion occur at the Holderness

Answer 3

Soft boulder clay is eroded by wave action

Question 4

How does mass movement affect the Holderness

Answer 4

Boulder clay is prone to slumping

Question 5

How does transportation affect the Holderness

Answer 5

Prevailing winds from NE transports material southwards

Question 6

How much coastline is protected by hard engineering at the Holderness

Answer 6

11.4km

Question 7

What hard engineering is at Bridlington

Answer 7

A 4.7km long sea wall and timber groynes

Question 8

What hard engineering is at Hornsea at the Holderness coast

Answer 8

Sea wall, timber groynes, and rip rap

Question 9

What hard engineering is protecting Mappleton in the Holderness

Answer 9

Two rock groynes and a 500m long revetment to protect the village and B1242 road

Question 10

Why is soft engineering more sustainable then hard engineering

Answer 10

More sustainable because it has a lower environmental impact and economic cost

Question 11

Vulnerability/ risks of the Holderness coasts

Answer 11

Roads destroyed into the sea
Caravan park destroyed

Question 12

What are the active distinctive landscapes/ landforms

Answer 12

Spurn head- spit
Chalk cliffs - stacks cave arches

Question 13

What is the average annual rate of erosion

Answer 13

2 metres

Question 14

What are the landforms of deposition at Hornsea

Answer 14

Beaches have formed along the Holderness coast due to deposition of sand an shingle transport by longshore drift

eroded material is transported from north to south along the coast

beach material has accumulated at locations such as Hornsea, Withernsea and mappleton due to construction of wood and stone Groynes which trap sediment

Question 15

What is Spurn point at the Holderness

Answer 15

A coastal spit formed by the deposition of sediment transported along the holderness coat from north to south by longshore drift

spurn point is curved with a hooked end, because the wind and waves coming from a secondary direction push the tip of the land in that direction, giving it this unique experience

salt marshes have formed behind spurn point as the river humber deposits silt and mud in this sheltered estuary area

Question 16

What is the headland located to the north of the Holderness coast

Answer 16

Flambrough Head

Question 17

The material forming the bedrock of Holderness

Answer 17

cretaceous

Question 18

The material covering the cretaceous chalk, deposited over 18,000 years ago by melting glaciers

Answer 18

boulder clay

Question 19

Affects of having boulder clay at the holderness

Answer 19

erodes very easily
produces very small,
fine clay particles are easily transported by longshore drift,
rather than accumulating in front of cliffs forming a protection from waves

Beaches are narrow and fail to absorb the wave energy,

during high tide there is not enough beach and waves hit the base of the cliffs

Question 20

Why do we manage the holderness
ECONMIC REASONS

Answer 20

Predicted that 200 homes and several roads will fall into the sea by 2100

due to erosion - the number of visitors if dropping

80,000m2 of farmland is lost each year- has huge effect on farmers livelihoods

Question 21

Social impacts of erosion

Answer 21

properties lose value- there is no financial aid to help people- lead to poor wellbeing for people

as **facilites close down = unable to maintain population
**
people start to leave- lack of community

Question 22

Environmental impacts of erosion

Answer 22

Wildlife behind spurn point is losing diversity as the env cannot support many species due to lack of sediment

Question 23

Where have rock groynes been built and what are the consqeuences of it

Answer 23

At mappleton

leaving places further down the beach with sand shortage

Question 24

Why does the geology mean that holderness coastline is vulnerable

Answer 24

Coast is made of boulder clay- SOFT AND EASILY ERODED

The eroded clay particles are easily transported out to sea and don’t accumulate as finer sediment

narrow beaches means that the sea can easily reach the cliffs at high tide

longshore drift transports sediment southwards- especially at hornsea where backwash is far stronger

Question 25

What is 'fetch' and why does the fetch mean that the holderness coastline is vulnerable to erosion?

Answer 25

The distance that wind blows over a body of water before it reaches an obstacle, like a shoreline or another landmass exposed to winds and waves from the NE-- The north sea also has low pressure weather systems- very high tides Sea is relatively deep little friction to slow down waves

Question 26

Why does longshore drift mean that the holderness coastline is vulnerable to erosion

Answer 26

strong prevailing winds from NE which pushes sediment down the coast estimated that 1/2 a million tonnes of sediment is moved south each year in suspension

Question 27

Cost effectiveness of the rock groynes and a revetment at mappleton

Answer 27

they were built in 1991 and cost 2 million they protect 12 homes and one business

Question 28

What types of weathering are the most present at the holderness

Answer 28

mechanical and biological Freeze thaw weathering is making boulder clay weaker

Question 29

What is the main type of mass movemnt at holderness

Answer 29

slumping heavy rain lubricates the rock making it heavier weakend cliffs collapse under gravity

Question 30

How much of holderness is being protected by hard defences

Answer 30

9.2km and 2.15 private

Question 31

Hornsea defences and their impact

Answer 31

concreate sea walls, groynes and rock armor groynes trap sediment and maintain beach at hornsea but mappleton starved of sediment as a reult

Question 32

Why has integrated coastal managaement been used (ICZM)

Answer 32

sections of coasts are being managed as a whole because the action in one place will cause different effect in others