Holmes 3 Flashcards

(14 cards)

1
Q

After the peak of depolarization, the Nav channel are INACTIVATED (use of the ‘stopper’ instead of ‘closed’ gate). What does this mean?

A
  • Stops Na flow but unlike ‘closed’ state, the ‘inactive state is not competent to open in response to depolarization
  • the ‘ball’ is released from the Nav channels following hyperpolarization and the membrane returns to resting potential
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2
Q

What is the purpose of the inactive Nav state?

A

Allows for direction propagation of action potentials down the axon to the axon terminals (called refractory period)

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3
Q

How much sodium enters the cell during an AP?

A

~10^-12 moles

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4
Q

Can we fire an AP during absolute refractory? relative refractory? (after depolarization)

A

NO

Yes for relative refractory if there is a more negative Vm requiring stronger depolarization current

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5
Q

What is saltatory conduction? Orthodromic propagation? Antidromic propagation?

A

Saltatory conduction: the leaping of AP in myelinated nerves between nodes of Ranvier

Orthodromic propagation: AP propagation from soma to presynaptic terminal

Antidromic propagation: Propagation in opposite direction

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6
Q

What is accomodation?

A

Increase in threshold for firing AP that occurs during prolonged depolarization

  • result of Nav inactivation
  • results in fewer AP generated during prolonged depolarization
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7
Q

T/F, APs fired from diff cells can be very diff in size, shape, and duration.

A

True

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8
Q

What is neuromodulation?

A

Molecular/ionic basis of sculpting diff patterns in action potentials

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9
Q

What are some toxins/medications associated with ion channels? Nav blockers? Nav inhibitors? Kv blockers?

A

block Nav: local anesthetics (lidocaine)

inhibit Nav: antiepileptic/anticonvulsant (phenytoin and carbamazepine)

block delayed Kv channels: antiarrhythmic drugs (dofetilide)

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) from fugu and saxitoxin (STX) from red tide are paralytic toxins that block Nav

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10
Q

What is propofol (diprivan)?

A

general anesthesia: blocks Nav channels, KILLED THE KING OF POP MJ

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11
Q

How can we treat severe opioid-resistant pain?

A

Cone snail poison

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12
Q

What are channelopathies? Examples?

A

Diseases that alter function of ion channels. Genetic or acquired

ex. arrhythmia Long QT syndrome, CYSTIC FIBROSIS, hypertension, timothy syndrome (affects voltage gated Ca channel)

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13
Q

What is characteristic of periodic paralysis?

A

One moment of enhanced excitability followed by inexcitability and weakness a few minutes later

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14
Q

What is myotonia?

A

Impairment of muscle relaxation, can be diminished with repeated contractions.

Unlike cramp, it is painless

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