Home quiz questions

Question 1

Several different types of stem cells are investigated for their possible role in treating liver disease patients. Which statement(s) is (are) correct?

1. iPS derived hepatocytes from patients with metabolic abnormalities can be used for disease modeling in order to find the right medication.
2. Undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells might contribute to fibrogenesis and hence are not suited in chronic stages of liver disease.
3. During direct transdifferentiation of somatic cells into hepatocytes (iHEP cells) these cells, like iPS cells, have to go through a pluripotent stage.
4. Autologous liver organoid transplantation can be used in patients with acute hepatitis.

Answer 1

statement 1 and 2 are correct:

1. iPS derived hepatocytes from patients with metabolic abnormalities can be used for disease modeling in order to find the right medication.
2. Undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells might contribute to fibrogenesis and hence are not suited in chronic stages of liver disease.

Question 2

Supramolecular polymers can be categorized based on the way monomeric units are bound to each other. Name 2 of these categories.

Answer 2

coordination, pi-pi stacking, hydrogen bonding

Question 3

Hydrogels can be obtained by using various crosslinking mechanisms. Based on the crosslinking mechanism, the hydrogels are usually classified in 2 general categories. Which?

Answer 3

According to the crosslinking mechanism the hydrogels are classified as physically (or supramolecular) and chemically (or covalently) crosslinked gels.

Examples for physically crosslinked gels: ionic interactions, thermosensitivity, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, inclusion complex, coordination with metals, stereocomplexation (list 2 of these)
Examples of chemically crosslinked gels: Diels-Alder, Michael addition, enzymatic crosslinking, photopolymerization, redox polymerization, imine (list 2 of these).

Question 4

Which of the crosslinking mechanisms you would choose if you wanted to design a hydrogel with dynamic properties suitable for organoid culture and why?

Answer 4

For developing dynamic hydrogel for organoid culture, any of the following is accepted: (physical interactions, ionic, hydrogen bonds, thermosensitivity, inclusion complexes, coordination with metals, hydrophobic interactions, stereocomplexation, dynamic covalent chemistry, imine) because such systems undergo stress relaxation due to changes/rearrangement in the network structure, making it possible for organoids to adapt better.

Question 5

Endochondral bone regeneration can be accomplished in vitro.

True/False

Answer 5

false

Question 6

When engineered endochondral bone constructs are retrieved from an in vivo experiment, the majority of the new bone matrix will be host derived.
True/False

Answer 6

true

Question 7

What defines the large and small airways?

a. The large airways consist of the trachea and bronchi, which are supported by cartilage tissue and contain submucosal glands.
b. The small airways are not supported by cartilage, but contain submucosal glands and have smooth muscle cells which support the bronchioles.
c. both a and b
d. none of the above

Answer 7

a. The large airways consist of the trachea and bronchi, which are supported by cartilage tissue and contain submucosal glands.

Question 8

Current treatments for osteoarthritis in the knee include viscosupplementation (hyaluronic acid), PRP injection and matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation, but which problems are often encountered with these treatments?

Answer 8

• No (or very limited) intrinsic repair. Complete repair of partial articular cartilage injury has only been reported in one study on fetal sheep
• Formation of fibrocartilage, poor integration

Question 9

Which cell source can be used for the generation of insulin-producing cells?

a) Embryonic stem cells
b) Islets from donor pancreas tissue
c) Induced pluripotent stem cells
d) All of the above

Answer 9

d) All of the above

Question 10

Which of the below options is correct?

a) Permeability and porosity are synonyms.
b) Permeability and porosity are not synonyms, but tissues with higher permeability also have higher porosity, by definition.
c) Normally, tissues with lower porosity have a higher young’s modulus.
d) None of the above is correct.

Answer 10

d) None of the above is correct.

Question 11

Which are types of differentiated epithelial cells found in the small intestine of mice?

a) Tuft cells
b) M cells
c) Paneth cells
d) Goblet cells
e) All of the above

Answer 11

e) All of the above

Question 12

Name 3 characteristics of organoids.

Answer 12

They are 3 dimensional
They can be established from single adult stem cells
They contain adult stem cells and differentiated cells of the organ they were isolated from
They can expand indefinitely
They are genetically stable

Question 13

Which are the two neuroregenerative niches of the brain?
A. Sulcus and Gyrus
B. Corpus callosum and Deep cerebellar nuclei
C. Hippocampus and amygdala
D. Subventricular zone and Dentate gyrus

Answer 13

D. Subventricular zone and Dentate gyrus

Question 14

Indicate for these statements if they are correct or incorrect:

1. Engineered heart muscle must develop systolic force, withstand diastolic load with appropriate compliance, and form an electrical and functional syncytium.
2. To improve the complexity and function of engineered myocardium high numbers of cardiac myocytes are needed.
3. The ideal engineered myocardium does not need to develop an appropriate force but only support.
4. The maximal size and thickness of engineered heart muscle is not limited by oxygen and nutrient supply.

Answer 14

Indicate for these statements if they are correct or incorrect:

1. Engineered heart muscle must develop systolic force, withstand diastolic load with appropriate compliance, and form an electrical and functional syncytium. (correct)
2. To improve the complexity and function of engineered myocardium high numbers of cardiac myocytes are needed (correct)
3. The ideal engineered myocardium does not need to develop an appropriate force but only support (incorrect)
4. The maximal size and thickness of engineered heart muscle is not limited by oxygen and nutrient supply (incorrect)

Question 15

Which cell types are most promising for true cardiac regeneration? More than 1 answer may be correct.

a) Endothelial precursor cells
b) Hematopoietic stem cells
c) Embryonic stem cells
d) Satellite cells
e) Induced pluripotent stem cells
f) MSCs
g) Cardiac-derived stem cells

Answer 15

c) Embryonic stem cells
e) Induced pluripotent stem cells
g) Cardiac-derived stem cells

Question 16

Name 1 bioactive ceramic material and 1 bioinert ceramic material. For both, name a clinical application for which these ceramic materials are used.

Answer 16

Bioactive: Glasses and glass ceramics (facial reconstruction, dental implants, bone substitute)
Bioinert: Zirconia (hip arthroplasty, dental implants, joint replacement)

Question 17

As the generation of iPS cells is low, which of the strategies below is not a method to improve efficiency

A) Inhibit cell proliferation via the suppression of p53 pathways
B) Inhibit senescence of cells by the suppression p21 pathway
C) Addition of Nanog to the reprogramming factors.
D) The addition of LIN28 which negatively regulates let-7 miRNAs thereby inhibiting differentiation

Answer 17

A) Inhibit cell proliferation via the suppression of p53 pathways

Question 18

Which of the following statements is correct (select one answer)?
A) To define a mechanical problem, a material law and boundary conditions are enough.
B) To define a mechanical problem, equilibrium equations and boundary conditions are enough.
C) To define a mechanical problem, equilibrium equations, boundary conditions, and a material law are enough.
D) To define a mechanical problem, equilibrium equations, boundary conditions, and stresses and strains are enough.

Answer 18

C) To define a mechanical problem, equilibrium equations, boundary conditions, and a material law are enough.