Homeostasis

Question 1

Levels of organization of the body

Answer 1

Molecular > cellular tissue > organs > systemic level organismic level

Question 2

ICF

Answer 2

Intracellular fluids

found in the intracellular compartment

Question 3

ECF

Answer 3

Extracellular fluids

delivers 02, h20 and nutrients to the cells

also waste his delivered here

Question 4

fluid found outside the cell

Answer 4

ecf and plasma fluid

Question 5

ecf fluid is found in the

Answer 5

ecf compartment (icf in icf compartment)

Question 6

total body fluid is composed of

Answer 6

ecf + ICF

Question 7

how many % does the total body fluid weigh in adults

Answer 7

60%

Question 8

how many % is the ICF from the total body fluid

Answer 8

40% (approx 28L in 70kg male)

Question 9

how many % is the ECF from the total body fluid

Answer 9

20% (5-7% plasma) the rest is intersistial fluid

Question 10

ECF is called the

Answer 10

Milieu interieur by 19 century Dr. Claude Bernard

Question 11

this is routiney checked when blood is extracted for examinatio n

Answer 11

ECF

Question 12

basis for exciteability of nerves and muscles

Answer 12

electrolyte concentration of ECF and ICF

Question 13

Maintaining nearly constant internal environment through powerful control systens

Answer 13

Homeostasis

Question 14

greek terms:
Homeos =
Stasis =

Answer 14

Homeos =similar

stasis = standing still

Question 15

distributes necessary nutrients from the digestive and respiratory systems

Answer 15

cardiovascular system

Question 16

converts waste products less toxic

Answer 16

liver

Question 17

excretes waste products

Answer 17

kidneys

Question 18

this system regulate electrolytes and h20 levels and body fluids

Answer 18

renal system

Question 19

usually the center of normal range

Answer 19

SET POINT

Question 20

variable important for blood transport and flow from lungs and digestive.

Answer 20

mean arterial blood pressure

Question 21

this response reverses the variable, stabilize the effect and returns variable to normal range

Answer 21

NEGATIVE FEEDBACKS

Question 22

the disturbance in negative feedback

Answer 22

stimulus

Question 23

the receptors in negative feedbacks

Answer 23

sensors

Question 24

detectable change in regulated variable picked by the sensor

Answer 24

Stimulus

Question 25

receives the stimulus signal and relays input signal or information about the change

Answer 25

Sensor

Question 26

maintains set point conditions and relays signal via efferent pathway and sends signals to effectors

Answer 26

Feedback controller

Question 27

causes the reversal in biological system to normal range

Answer 27

Effectors

Question 28

the desired value of the control system

Answer 28

Set point value

Question 29

difference between input signal from sensor and set point which generates signal to effector to bring back to normal range

Answer 29

Error Signal

Question 30

Cooling signal in the brain

Answer 30

hypothalamus (anterior)

Question 31

the heat conservation/ production center of the brain

Answer 31

posterior hypothalamus

Question 32

adrenal medulla or glands releases this when body is cold

Answer 32

epinephrine

Question 33

controls skin temperature

Answer 33

peripheral thermoreceptors

Question 34

core temperature

Answer 34

central thermoreceptors

Question 35

this organ monitorsblood glucose concentration

Answer 35

Pancreas

Question 36

glucose sensing mechanisms

Answer 36

islet of langerhans or endocrine cells

Question 37

Endocrine Beta

Answer 37

secretes insulin

Question 38

endocrine alpha

Answer 38

secretes glucagon

Question 39

the sensor of blood pressure homeostatic

Answer 39

baroreceptor

Question 40

feedback controller of blood pressure

Answer 40

mudulla oblangata

Question 41

effectors of blood pressure

Answer 41

heart, blood vessels

Question 42

the catalysis is stopped by the end product

Answer 42

END OF PRODUCT INHIBITION

Question 43

this response amplifies the variable change

Answer 43

positive feedback

Question 44

examples of postive feedback

Answer 44

childbirth blood clotting ovulation neuron activation

Question 45

commands anticipated before they happen

Answer 45

feedforward control

Question 46

the heart rate increases before the onset of exercise

Answer 46

ex. of feedforward control

Question 47

complex types of control systems

Answer 47

1. adaptive 2. feedforward system 3. chronic adaptation (exercise physio) 4. acclimization (environmental physio)

Question 48

this organ controls blood glucose concentrations

Answer 48

pancreas

Question 49

what is the level of sugar after a meal or in the morning

Answer 49

120-140mg/dl

Question 50

what does Beta cells secrete

Answer 50

Insulin

Question 51

what is the function of insulin

Answer 51

IT LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE ESPECIALLY AFTER A MEAL IT FACILITATES GLUCOSE TRANSPORT IT FACILITATES GLUCOSE STORAGE IN THE LIVER AS GLYCOGEN IT SERVES AS A FEEDBACK CONTROLLER WHICH ACTIVATES THE RELEASEOF INSULIN TO THE BLOODSTREAM

Question 52

what does alpha cells secrete

Answer 52

glucagon

Question 53

what is the function of glucagon

Answer 53

FACILITATES GLYCOGEN METABOLISM TO GLUCOSE INCREASING PLASMA GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION

Question 54

normal fatsing blood sugar level

Answer 54

70-100

Question 55

when glucagon falls below set point what happens

Answer 55

pancreatic endocrine cells act as sensors alpha cells secrete glucagon (feedback controllers) gulacagon is in the blood stream - error signal

Question 56

CONTROLS THE DEGREE OF CONSTRICTION OF BLOOD

Answer 56

vasomotor centers

Question 57

what elevates when there is activity in the body

Answer 57

blood pressure

Question 58

what sensors detect elevated bp

Answer 58

PECIALIZED NERVE ENDINGS OF ARTERIAL WALLS IN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM) WHICH IS BARORECEPTOR

Question 59

THE BRAIN (MEDULLA OBLONGATA) OR HEART CONTROLLERS

Answer 59

CAA- CARDIO ACCELERATORY AREA WHICH INCREASES THE PUMPING ACTIVITY ; CIA- CARDIO INHIBITORY AREA ) AND SERVES AS THE FEEDBACK CONTROLLER

Question 60

TO DIMINISH THE PUMPING OF THE HEART AND INCREASE BLOOD VESSELS VASODILATION

Answer 60

DECREASES THE ACTIVITY OF THE SYPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | INCREASES THE ACTIVITY OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 61

CHILDBIRTH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK?

Answer 61

no. it is positive

Question 62

Positive feedback

Answer 62

a process in which the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur in a feedback loop

Question 63

VASCULAR SPASMS OCCUR WHEN THERE IS A BREAK OR TEAR IN THE BLOOD VESSEL WALLS - done by platelets can cause if not stopped by negative feedback

Answer 63

Blood clotting

Question 64

major loss of blood (2L) - negative feedback of drop of bp via baroreceptor - decreased cardiovascular pump - heart continues to weaken if lose not stopped till cardiac

Answer 64

MASSIVE BLEEDING

Question 65

INVOLVES CENTRALLY GENERATED FEEDFORWARD COMMAND SIGNALS TO THE MOTOR SYSTEM AND OTHER CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR RESPIRATORY, CARDIOVASCULAR ADJUSTMENTS, THERMAL IGNITION, MOBILIZATION/ UTILIZATION OF ENERGY RESERVES

Answer 65

FEEDFORWARD CONTROL

Question 66

COMMAND SIGNAL IS GENERATED FROM THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

Answer 66

FEEDFORWARD CONTROL

Question 67

DELAYED NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL | IT IS THE INTERACTION OF FEEDFORWARD AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS

Answer 67

ADAPTIVE CONTROL

Question 68

ENDURANCE TYPE ATHLETES: IMPROVED AEROBIC CAPACITIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES RESISTANCE OR SPRINT TYPE ATHLETES: IMPROVED ANAEROBIC CAPACITIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

Answer 68

BIOCHEMICAL ADAPTATIONS IN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

Question 69

ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

Answer 69

MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY: SKELETAL MUSCLES AND CARDIAC MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY

Question 70

INVOLVES PHYSIOLOGIC ADJUSTMENTS TO THE CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, PHOTOPERIOD, OR PH, ALLOWING IT TO MAINTAIN PERFORMANCE ACROSS A RANGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

Answer 70

ACCLIMATIZATION

Question 71

a sensory receptor primarily found in the hypothalamus o

Answer 71

osmoreceptors

Question 72

Fick's Law

Answer 72

Rate of diffusion ∝ surface area × concentration difference thickness of membrane. ∝ means 'is proportional to'. DIRECTLT PROPORTIUONAL TO

Question 73

Inactivation of the sodium-potassium pump (Na, | K-ATPase) will cause:

Answer 73

An increase in the intracellular volume

Question 74

In Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium

Answer 74

The combination of electrical charge and chemical concentration gradient across a membrane are in balance

Question 75

Symporter

Answer 75

glucose is transported inside the membrane through a sodium/glucose transporter. What sort of transporter is it?