Homeostasis + Fluid & Electrolytes

Question 1

Define
Homeo:
Stasis:

Answer 1

Similarity

Standing still, constant

Question 2

A relative constancy in the internal environment of the
body, naturally maintained by adaptive responses that
promote healthy survival.

Answer 2

Homeostasis

Question 3

Adaptation factors (AEHEAI)

Answer 3

Age
Environment
Holistic response
Endurance
Adaptation mechanism
Illness

Question 4

STRESS

French word “estrecier” means ___

Answer 4

to tighten

Question 5

Forms of Stressors (PPP)

Answer 5

Physical
Psychological
Psychosocial

Question 6

Duration of Stressors (A,S,CI,CE)

Answer 6

Acute
Sequence
Chronic intermittent
Chronic enduring

Question 7

(T/F) Stressors only include major life events

Answer 7

FALSE, it also includes day to day hassles

Question 8

Factors affecting response to stressors (PBN)

Answer 8

Physiological functioning
Behavioral characteristics
Nature of stressor

Question 9

Match the adaptation to stressor:

1. Reflex
2. Instinct
3. Coping mechanism
4. Automatic body mechanism

A. Physiological
B. Psychological

Answer 9

1A
2B
3B
4A

Question 10

Differentiate Local Adaptation Syndrome and General Adaptive Syndrome

Answer 10

LAS: localized, short term, to maintain stability
GAS: neuroendocrine, fight or flight, whole body

Question 11

Differentiate the resistance and exhaustion stage of GAS

Answer 11

Resistance: stable hormone levels
Exhaustion: energy is depleted, diminished adaptation

Question 12

Fight or flight is effective but it is not ___ because __

Answer 12

efficient

sustainable

Question 13

(T/F)
Humans are made up of 40% water
Men have more body fluids than women (hydrophobic fats)
Elderly have less water (loss of protein)

Answer 13

FALSE, 60%
TRUE
TRUE

Question 14

Fill in appropriate percentages
ECF: 
Interstitial:
Intravascular:
Transcellular:
ICF:

Answer 14

1/3
16%
4%
<1%
2/3

Question 15

Components of body fluids (EMC)

Answer 15

Electrolytes: charged ions
Minerals: solutes
Cells; WBC, RBC

Question 16

Intra/extra?
K:
Na:

Answer 16

K = INTRACELLULARLY
Na = EXTRACELLULARLY

Question 17

Match the movement of fluids to its description:

1. Osmosis
2. Diffusion
3. Active Transport

A. Needs ATP
B. High to Low
C. Low to High

Answer 17

1C
2B
3A

Question 18

the pressure exerted by a liquid on the semi-permeable membrane

Answer 18

Osmotic / hydrostatic pressure

Question 19

Differentiate osmolality from osmolarity

Answer 19

Osmolality = water
Osmolarity = solution

Question 20

What is the thirst control center? What triggers the thirst mechanism?

Answer 20

hypothalamus

increased osmolality / blood concentration

Question 21

Give at least 1 psychological and physiological factor affecting the thirst mechanism?

Answer 21

Psychological: dry mucous membranes
Physiological: blood volume, plasma osmolarity or concentration

Question 22

ADH or Vasopressin is secreted by the ___ and promotes ___

Aldosterone is secreted by the ___ and promotes ___

Answer 22

Anterior pituitary gland
Water reabsorption w/o Na

Adrenal cortex
Na retention in kidneys

Question 23

What is the primary organ that promotes water output?

Answer 23

Kidney (sensible water loss)

Question 24

Where else do we lose water? (SLG)

Answer 24

Skin
Lungs
GI tract

Question 25

Give the 3 isotonic disturbances and define

Answer 25

Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit = hemoconcentration Hypervolemia: fluid excess = hemodilution Third space syndrome: transcellular = get stuck

Question 26

Differentiate isotonic from osmolar disturbances

Answer 26

Isotonic: water and electrolytes are lost or retained Osmolar: only water is lost or retained

Question 27

What are the nursing interventions for isotonic disturbances?

Answer 27

``` Priority: manage underlying condition Monitor I&O Weigh Regulate IV Monitor BP and auscultate for crackles Assess skin / edema Restrict Na ```

Question 28

Give the 2 osmolar disturbances and define

Answer 28

Hyperosmolar: diabetes insipidus (pee too much = dehydration) Hypoosmolar: excess = hemodilution

Question 29

(T/F) Cations are + charged Are the most significant in the human body All cations are equal

Answer 29

TRUE TRUE FALSE, have own abilities (K vs Na)

Question 30

Match the cation to its description: 1. Potassium 2. Magnesium 3. Sodium 4. Calcium A. Most abundant in ECF, retains water B. Bone and teeth, skeletal muscle relaxation C. Abundant in ICF, muscle contraction, glycogen formation D. Second most abundant in ICF, enzyme activities, affects CNS

Answer 30

1C 2D 3A 4B

Question 31

Match the cation to its normal values: 1. Sodium 2. Magnesium 3. Potassium 4. Calcium A. 3.5-5.3 mEq/L B. 4.5-5.5 mEq/L C. 135-145 mEq/L D. 1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Answer 31

1C 2D 3A 4B

Question 32

Rule of thumb for replacing electrolytes: ___ If mild-moderate, via __ If moderate-severe, via __

Answer 32

Always choose safest and easiest way to replace what is needed PO IV

Question 33

Match the condition to its description 1. Hypomagnesemia 2. Hypernatremia 3. Hyperkalemia 4. Hypocalcemia 5. Hyponatremia 6. Hypokalemia 7. Hypercalcemia 8. Hypermagnesemia A. Often seen in very ill = cannot eat, vomiting, diarrhea, adrenal insufficiency B. Alcoholism C. High content in diet, rapid IV, kidney disease D. Hyperparathyroidism, osteoporosis E. Excess parenteral administration, laxatives/antacids F. Diuretics, alkalosis, weak pulse G. Renal failure, acidosis, cellular damage, dysrhythmias (T wave) H. Hypoparathyroidism, rapid blood transfusion, pancreatitis

Answer 33

``` 1B 2C 3G 4H 5A 6F 7D 8E ```

Question 34

(T/F) you should never push pure K per IV, px may crash

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

Which hormones regulate Calcium?

Answer 35

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) = bone breakdown Thyrocalcitonin =

Question 36

What helps absorb dietary Ca?

Answer 36

Vitamin D

Question 37

How are Ca and P related?

Answer 37

They are inversely proportional

Question 38

Match the anion to its description: 1. HCO3 2. Chloride 3. Phosphate A. Chemical base buffer B. ICF & ECF C. Genetic information, use of energy

Answer 38

1A 2B 3C

Question 39

Match the anion to its normal values: 1. HCO3 2. Phosphate 3. Chloride A. 22-26 or 24-30 mEq/L B. 100-106 mEq/L C. 2.5-4.5 mEq/L

Answer 39

1A 2C 3B