Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medical Surgical Nursing - First Sem > Intro to Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Intro to Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(82 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The cardiovascular system is related to CPO

A

circulation
perfusion
oxygenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The cardiovascular system delivers blood

Central: to ____
Peripheral: to ____

A

Heart and major blood vessels

Rest of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

(T/F) The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump that is the size of a ___ and weighs __ gms

A

fist

300

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(T/F) The heart is in the center of the chest

A

FALSE, it is slightly tilted to the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The heart is located in the _____

A

mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Atrium: ____ blood
Ventricle: ____ blood

A

receives

pumps out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Blood flow in the heart is ___ because of the two valves: ____

A

unidirectional
atrioventricular (AV)
semilunar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the 2 av valves and 2 semilunar valves

A

AV:
tricuspid valve
Mitral/bicuspid valve

SEMILUNAR:
aortic semilunar valve
pulmonary semilunar valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

S1/Lub is caused by ___ and can be described as ____
while,
S2/Dub is caused by ___ and can be described as ____

A

closure of av valves, short = Systole

closure of sv valves, longer = diastoLe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

As an independently functioning organ, the heart requires ____

This follows the principle of ____

A

a constant supply of blood

supply and demand (as supply increases, demand or WORKLOAD decreases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The arteries supply
Left coronary artery:
Right coronary artery:

A

2/3

1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is known as a widow maker? Why?

A

The LCA

If blocked, more than 2/3 of heart stops working = good as dead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Match the ff diseases to their description:

  1. Atherosclerosis
  2. Myocardial Infarction

A. heart attack
C. build up of plaque

A

1C

2A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(T/F) Atherosclerosis can only happen in end arteries

A

FALSE, it can still happen in any artery (UE, LE, Brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A membrane covering the heart to protect it and to prevent the development of friction when it beats

A

pericardial sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Match the layers of the pericardial sac to its function:

  1. Parietal
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium

A. Keeps interior layers smooth = laminar blood flow
B. Consists of a small space with fluid
C. Involuntary and coordinated muscle

A

1B
2C
3A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Can the heart muscles undergo hypertrophy? When?

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right?

A

Yes, when demand increases

The left ventricle is in charge of pumping blood to the rest of the body = greater resistance = higher AFTERLOAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Arteries: bring blood __
Veins: bring blood __

A

away from heart (Artery = Away)

to the heart (Vein = Vavalik)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why do veins need help from muscle contractions during activity?

A

Veins have low pressure compared to arteries = need help for venous return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Veins have _(a)__ to prevent backflow

What is a condition characterized by swelling of the veins caused by incompetent or damaged (a)

A

Valves

Varicosities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Properties of cardiac muscle (AECC)

A

Automaticity: beat on its own

Excitability: produce electrical signal

Conductivity: connected = send signals to each other

Contractility: each single strand is mechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

(T/F) All heart cells can stand alone = we want them to contract independent of each other

A

FALSE, this would lead to an inefficient pacemaker/cardiac conduction system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The cardiac conduction system is

controlled by:
stimulated by:
inhibited by:

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

parasympathetic nervous system (vagus nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Identify the direction of electrical signals in the heart (SABP)

A

SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Identify the capacity of the ff in bpm SA Node: AV Node: Muscle fibers:
SA Node: 60-100 bpm AV Node: 40-60 bpm Muscle fibers: 20-40 bpm
26
Match the parameter to its description: 1. Cardiac Output 2. Preload 3. Stroke Volume 4. Afterload 5. Heart Rate A. Blood ejected from the left ventricle (L/min) B. Blood ejected per heartbeat (ml/beat) C. Beats per minute D. Venous return E. Force needed to push blood into circulation
``` 1A 2D 3B 4E 5C ```
27
What is the formula for CO?
CO = stroke volume x HR
28
Identify the false statement: 1. CO is inversely proportional to HR 2. HR has a physiological limit no matter how fast 3. Stroke Volume is measured through 2D-Echo 4. Preload is controlled by Sterling's Law
1, CO is directly proportional to HR
29
What is Sterling's law?
the heart is like a rubber band (the more it is stretched, the more potential energy it holds to be transformed into kinetic energy when released
30
What is cor pulmonale?
Right sided heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension (increased resistance = high afterload)
31
Match the ff blood pressure control mechanisms to its description: 1. Baroreceptors 2. Stretch receptors 3. Antidiuretic Hormone 4. Aldosterone 5. RAAS A. Massaging pressure sensors at carotid artery = vagal reaction = drop in BP B. Reabsorption of water WITHOUT Na, secreted by anterior pituitary gland C. Excess fluid triggers receptors in vena cava and right atrium to release Atrial Natriuretic Peptide D. Renin-Angiotensinogen-Angiotensin I-Angiotensin II = rise in BP E. Reabsorption of Na only
``` 1A 2C 3B 4E 5D ```
32
What does RAAS stand for?
Renin-Angiotensin System
33
What does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide do?
It promotes the excretion of Na in kidneys (water will follow)
34
# Define the ff subjective s/sx of cardiac problems: ``` Dyspnea Chest pain Weight gain: Syncope: Palpitations: Fatigue: ```
Dyspnea: difficulty breathing Chest pain: angina Weight gain: fluid retention r/t poor blood flow Syncope: fainting spells r/t poor blood flow in brain Palpitations: hypoxic heart Fatigue: activity intolerance
35
What is cardiac tamponade?
shot = hole = blood leaks out with every heartbeat
36
# Define the ff objective s/sx of cardiac problems: Neck vein distention Respiration Peripheral edema Murmurs
Neck vein distention: due to backflow Respiration: crackles Peripheral edema: build up of blood in lungs Murmurs: turbulent blood flow r/t damaged valve
37
Match the ff diagnostic tests to their purpose: 1. CBC 2. Cardiac Enzymes 3. Serum Lipids 4. Electrolytes 5. Electrocardiogram (ECG) A. High levels of LDL = high risk for atherosclerosis B. Hematological disorders can be linked to MI (anemia, platelet/bleeding, HCT/hemoconc or hemodilute) C. This leaks out when heart muscles are injured and break apart (Troponin I and T) D. Monitor electrical activity of heart E. Can be associated with dysrhythmias
``` 1B 2C 3A 4E 5D ```
38
What is the difference between sensitivity and specificity?
Sensitivity: rule OUT disease Specificity: rule IN disease, determine presence
39
What is a requirement for serum lipids test?
NPO for at least 12 hrs
40
Differentiate between HDL and LDL
HDL: good cholesterol, collects excess LDL: bad cholesterol, deposits excess
41
``` Identify the electrolytes associated with: Dysrhythmias? Water toxicity/CHF? Tachycardia/ECG Changes? Decreased fibrillation/contraction? ```
Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium
42
(T/F) An inverted ECG result is abnormal
FALSE, as long as waves are complete and the distance between each wave is normal = NORMAL
43
Match the parts of an ECG to their significance: 1. P wave 2. PR interval 3. QRS Complex 4. ST Segment 5. T wave 6. QT interval 7. U wave 8. PQRST 9. last T to first P ``` A. electrolyte imbalance B. atrial depolarization C. ventricular repolarization D. impulse travel from atria to purkinje fibers E. ventricular depolarization F. systole G. ventricular refractory time H. plateau, heart relaxes I. diastole ```
``` 1B 2D 3E 4H 5C 6G 7A 8F 9I ```
44
If the interval between P-Q is too far, this can indicate ____
Heart block
45
Differentiate the degrees of a heart block
First: slightly apart but P and Q waves are identifiable Second: Some parts may have missing QRST waves Third: mostly just P waves far apart
46
Where do we position the catheter for Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring? Aka the zero degree point of the heart
At the phlebostatic axis or sternal angle of louis
47
Elevated CVP indicates ___ Low CVP indicates ___ Elevated PAP/PCWP indicates ____ Give the normal values for CVP and PAP/PCWP:
Elevated CVP: fluid volume overload Low CVP: fluid volume deficit Elevated PAP/PCWP: CHF, fluid overload Normal values for CVP: 2-6 mmHg or 5-12 cm/H2O Normal values for PAP/PCWP: 4-12 mmHg
48
What are the steps in CVP (4)
Insert catheter at sternal angle up to RIGHT ATRIUM Fill manometer with NSS Open one way valve Observe where it consistently pulsates
49
How is PAP/PCWP performed?
The catheter is inserted in the LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART via surgery and is connected to a machine (inflates balloon)
50
Give at least 3 nursing responsibilities for CVP (CAIRC4B)
Consent + explain procedure + relax Arm precaution + infection Get initial and concurrent reading in same position Change dressing, IV fluid bag, manometer, tubings Q24h Remind px to hold breath when catheter is changed
51
Give at least 3 nursing responsibilities for PAP/PCWP (CSDSB)
Consent + explain procedure Position px in supine Deflate balloon after reading Assess for swelling and bleeding
52
How is cardiac catheterization both diagnostic (4) and therapeutic (2)? Give specific reasons
Diagnostic purposes: 1. Determine blockages (CAD) and shunts (TOF, VSD, Congenital Defects) 2 and 3. Measures O2 concentration in all heart chambers, CO and blood flow 3. Obtain blood sample Therapeutic purposes 1. Remove plaque 2. Insert a stent/balloon
53
How is cardiac catheterization performed? (3)
Catheter is threaded into artery/vein through small incision Using an xray, the catheter is threaded into the heart Contrast dye is released
54
What type of contrast dye is usually used in cardiac catheterization
Iodine based dye
55
(T/F) Cardiac catheterization is not considered a minimally invasive procedure
FALSE, it is a minimally invasive procedure because px’s are just sedated
56
Give at least 3 nursing responsibilities for Cardiac Catheterization (pre-procedure, CVSBSN)
``` Consent + explain procedure Document baseline VS + height and weight Assess for allergies to seafood/iodine Instruct to stop taking blood thinners at least 3 days prior Remind px to lie still and NPO ```
57
What should the px expect to feel during cardiac catheterization (2)
Warm flushing or fluttery feeling as soon as dye is injected | May feel urge to cough r/t palpitations
58
Give at least 3 nursing responsibilities for Cardiac Catheterization (post-procedure, VA4PBW)
VS Q30mins for 2 hrs Assess for chest pain, dysrhythmias, bleeding, compartment syndrome Use pressure dressing w/sandbag Prepare band aid Remind px incision cannot be wet for 1-2 weeks
59
What are the 5 P’s of Compartment Syndrome?
``` Pulsations Paresthesia Pallor Pain Paralysis ```
60
What are the activity restrictions post-cardiac catheterization
CBR (complete bed rest) for 6-12 hrs Flat on bed (FOB) w/o bathroom privileges with extremities extended for 4-6 hrs Sit up after 8 hrs Ambulate after 24-48 hrs w/doctor’s clearance
61
Match the nursing diagnosis to its reason/cause 1. Decreased Cardiac Output 2. Impaired Gas Exchange 3. Pain 4. Risk for Infection 5. Anxiety 6. Altered Family Process A. Concerned about after effects (work, intimacy, death) B. Financial burden since it is a chronic condition C. Poor perfusion, CHF D. Poor oxygenation = muscle pain which can lead to MI and increased workload as evidence by angina E. R/t to decreased cardiac output F. Pulmonary edema
``` 1C 2E 3D 4F 5A 6B ```
62
Interventions for decreased cardiac output include:
CBR, no TV Plan activities No smoking Follow AHA and NYHAF classifications
63
Differentiate the AHA and NYHAF Classifications
American Heart Association: patient outcome, the higher the letter = more observable signs New York Heart Association Functional classification: how bad px condition is + effects on ADL’s
64
Interventions for impaired gas exchange
Semi or High Fowlers Oxygen PRN Rest
65
Differentiate the 3 cardiac enzyme markers: CK MB Troponin I Myoglobin
CK MB: 24-48 hrs, not as sensitive or specific (can elevate with only injury) Troponin I: 7-10 days, most sensitive and specific (only found in heart muscles) Myoglobin: earliest, sensitive but not specific
66
What is ESR Test? What is it for?
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Test It is a non-specific test. Any systemic inflammation can elevate the ESR. Can also be linked to rheumatic heart disease
67
When are blood coagulation tests needed?
Venous disorders such as DVT or Thrombophlebitis
68
Match the ff coagulation test to its purpose: 1. Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) 2. Prothrombin Time (PT) 3. Clotting and Bleeding Time A. For px taking coumadin B. For px taking heparin C. For px taking aspirin
1B 2A 3C
69
What is BUN? Why is it needed for CV disorders?
Blood Urea Nitrogen Decrease in CO = poor blood flow to kidneys = decreased GFR = kidney failure
70
Can heart infections occur? How so? What tests are needed to diagnose this? (3)
Yes. Injury = change in movement = blood stasis Blood culture, throat swab, antibody test
71
How many electrodes are used in an ECG? Where are they placed?
12 in total, positive and negative 6 on limbs, 6 on chest
72
Is echocardiography invasive?
NO, doppler ultrasound is only placed on chest | Limitation: cant see back of heart
73
How is transesophageal 2D Echo performed? Is it an invasive procedure? (ANAG)
YES Px awake and on NPO Spray anesthetic NPO until gag reflex returns (aspiration risk)
74
What are the 3 purposes of 2D Echo?
Determine if structures are damaged (valve or hypertrophied muscles) Functioning properly (flow of blood) Determine ejection fraction
75
What is ejection fraction?
Amt of blood the LV pumps (CO) | >40/50% = CHF
76
How is angiogram/arteriography performed?
Open blood vessel Thread catheter via surgery Inject contrast dye (iodine based) Visualize in xray
77
How does angiogram differ from arteriography?
Angiogram is the general term while arteriography is specific to arteries
78
(T/F) Arteriography is a (1) minimally invasive procedure where the px is sedated and (2) is only diagnostic in nature, not therapeutic
1T | 2F -- it is both diagnostic and therapeutic
79
(T/F) The nursing responsibilities for arteriography and cardiac catheterization are the same
TRUE
80
Cerebral angiogram: ____ _____ angiogram: legs Cardiac angiogram: _____
Brain Femoral Heart
81
What is CVP for?
Indicate pressure in RA/venous return If poor venous return = poor afterload = poor CO
82
What can cause another obstruction to occur after cardiac catheterization + insertion of a stent? How can we prevent this?
Since the stent is a foreign body, this can trigger an inflammatory response = clot = obstruct Administer blood thinners

Medical Surgical Nursing - First Sem (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions