homework questions Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
a young female horse
A
filly
2
Q
a mature male horse
A
stallion
3
Q
female donkey
A
jenny
4
Q
crosse of a female horse and a male donkey
A
mule
5
Q
a male mule
A
john
6
Q
castrated male horse
A
gelding
7
Q
a horse that is 16 hands tall is ____ inches.
A
64
8
Q
In which of the following gaits does each foot strike the ground independently? A four beat gait.
A
walk
9
Q
Horses do not have a _______________ making digesting fats harder.
colon
gall bladder
jejunum
liver
A
gall bladder
10
Q
The “stay apparatus” in horses allows them to do what?
A
Stand for long periods of time without tiring
11
Q
which of the following characteristics describes a donkey and not a horse?
softer man and tail
smaller hooves
shortest ears
long hair on tail
A
smaller hooves
12
Q
according to scientists, where were horses first domesticated?
A
the lower Volga Don region between the Black and Caspian seas
13
Q
at what age does a horse have a full mouth, or all of it’s permanent teeth?
A
5 years
14
Q
this disease in horses is also known as distemper and is an infection of the upper respiratory tract and lymph glands, although it is highly contagious and is caused by streptococcus equi, it usually subsides on its own
A
strangles
15
Q
To prevent EPM (Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis),which causes neurological disease, __________________ should be kept away from horses and horse feed, as the protozoa is spread through their feces.
A
opossums
16
Q
_______________ is a parasite that is mainly a concern in horses under 2 years. Worms can block the intestine and damage the lungs and liver.
A
ascarids (round worms)
17
Q
Sows may be moved to individual pens a few days before parturition and kept there until they wean their piglets. These pens protect piglets from crushing and allow for separate warming and feeding areas for the piglets. What is the term for this housing system?
A
farrowing crates
18
Q
A major outbreak of this virus in 2013/2014 killed over 8 million pigs in the US. It causes severe scours and dehydration. Pigs under 3 weeks of age have a 100% mortality rate from this disease, but sows can develop an immunity to protect piglets.
A
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDv)
19
Q
What is a castrated male pig?
A
barrow
20
Q
Which of the following states is NOT in the top 5 in swine production in the US?
North Carolina
Arkansas
Iowa
Minnesota
A
Arkansas
21
Q
Worldwide, the US ranks ___ in swine production.
A
2nd
22
Q
In commercial swine operations in the US, what percentage of sows are cred using AI?
A
greater than 90%
23
Q
Cross breeding Angus with Brahman breeds results in ______________, which is the increase in certain characteristics like growth rate and fertility over the average of its parents.
A
hybrid vigor
24
Q
This segment of the beef industry produced weaned calves sold to stockers or feedlots. They are the first step in producing animals for harvest.
A
cow-calf
25
A weaned calf being grown prior to being placed in a feedlot.
stocker calf
26
About 97% of cattle are fed some type of ______________, such as distillers grain, hulls, bakery waste, or beet pulp.
bi-product feed
27
Heifers should be approximately _________% of their mature size at their first calving.
85
28
In which US state are you most likely NOT to find one of the nation's top 20 feedlots?
Arkansas
29
Most cattle exiting the feedlot are marketed on a _________, where the owners are paid on carcass merit, hide color, dressing percentage and other factors.
grid
30
This technology used in the feedlot phase has been used since the 1950's. It is inserted under the skin in the back of the ear and provides exogenous hormones that improve growth and efficiency.
growth implants
31
This breed type of cattle were mostly brought to the US in the 19600'sand 1970's to increase the size and leanness of the British cattle. They are known to be larger framed, more muscular, leaner and to have less marbling than other breeds.
European breeds
32
_____________ is a noncontagious, bacterial disease that often affects the most healthy calves and is nearly 100% fatal. It can be prevented with a vaccination against Clostridia bacteria.
Black leg
33
This is the term for excessive gas in the rumen. It can press on the lungs and kill a calf.
bloat
34
What is the length of the estrous cycle in cattle?
19-21 days
35
_______________ is the term for an observable difference in an animal’s normal function or state of health that indicates the presence of a bodily disorder. Examples are fever, weight loss, diarrhea.
clinical signs
36
________ is a living disease causing agent. Examples are bacteria and fungus.
pathogen
37
The natural ability of an animal to remain unaffected by pathogens, toxins, irritants, or poisons is _____________________.
resistance
38
A disease capable of being transmitted from animal to animal is considered _________________________.
contagious
39
The state of disease where clinical signs are not readily apparent is known as ___________________ disease.
subclinical
40
Regarding animal disease, which of the following is NOT part of developing an accurate diagnosis?
medication perscribed
41
The term for sudden onset of disease, or early in the disease process, is _________________.
acute
42
USDA APHIS is an acronym for the United States Department of Agriculture _______.
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
43
This virus causes the greatest number of food borne illnesses each year. It is commonly called the stomch flu or simply 'food poisoning.' It is usually spread by food workers and is easily transmitted within day care centers, nursing homes, and cruise ships.
Norovirus
44
This bacteria causes the greatest number of hospitalizations and deaths from food borne illnesses each year.
Salmonella
45
his bacteria is found in deli meats and other ready-to-eat foods because it can grow in refrigerated temperatures more easily than other pathogens. It causes abortions in pregnant women.
Listeria monocytogenes
46
The Shiga-toxin producing strains of this bacteria causes severe bloody diarrhea, cramps, vomiting and kidney failure. It has been associated with ground beef and the presence of several of these species is considered an adulterant in ground beef.
E. coli
47
This bacteria is sometimes found in improperly canned foods and can produce the most deadly natural toxin known to man. It is also used in BOTOX cosmetics.
Clostridium botulinum
48
This parasite causes no symptoms or mild symptoms in many people, but new cases in pregnant women can cause miscarriage or birth defects. Domestic cats are the only known host species, but it may be found in undercooked pork, lamb or venison.
Toxoplasmosis gondii
49
This agency is responsible for inspection of meat and shell eggs for safety and wholesomeness in the US.
Food safety Inspection Service within USDA
50
This publication was written by Upton Sinclair and led to an outcry about the condidtions in meat processing facilities and governmental control of food production.
the jungle
51
This red meat species is the most popular meat protein and contributes to over 36% of the worldwide meat consumption.
pork
52
In the USA, this animal/ meat product makes up the largest number of animals harvested and the most pounds of meat produced.
chicken
53
Fat on an animal, specifically subcutaneous fat over the ribeye/ loineye, deposited in the final months before harvest
finish
54
The primary product of animal slaughter and dressing consisting of the skeleton with its attendant muscle, fat, and, for some species, skin
carcass
55
Cuts into which carcasses are subdivided, according to industry defined standards for where particular cuts are made
wholesale cuts
56
A wholesale cut trimmed to specific dimensions and fat thickness
primal cuts
57
Cuts prepared for sale in a retail market Ex. Ribeye steak, Bottom round roast, Arm roast
retail cuts
58
Which of the following statements about grading is true?
-Lamb quality grades are designated with letters like A, B, C, D.
-Beef is graded based on palatability and cutability with two grading systems.
-Pork grades include terms like Prime and Choice
-Beef quality grades indicate cutability or how much product is available to consume.
Beef is graded based on palatability and cutability with two grading systems.
59
This stromal protein, is the most abundant protein in the body.
collagen
60
What is the most popular sausage in the USA?
Frankfurters
61
Which of the following ingredients is added to processed meats to create the pink color, develop flavor, protect from spoilage and prevent the growth of clostridium botulinum?
nitrite
62
Which class of sausages is produced using lactic acid produced by fermentation of glucose by bacteria? They have a distinct tangy flavor.
dry and semidry
63
heifer
young female
64
cow
mature female
65
bull
mature male
66
steer
castrated male
67
In Arkansas, the highest percentages of beef cattle are found in what area of the state?
Northwest corner
68
Which segment of the beef industry has the most farms?
cow calf
69
Seed stock producers greatest demand is for ______, which can account for 90% of genetic change to a herd.
bulls
70
Came in the 1800s, smaller framed, more marbling, fatter. Examples are Angus, Shorthorn, Hereford.
English/British
71
Came to the US in 1960's and 1970s. Larger framed, more muscular, leaner, less marbling. Examples are Charolais, Chianina, Simmental.
European Breeds
72
Developed in 1930's to 1970's. Crosses of bos inidcus and bos taurus breeds. Heat tolerant, insect resistant. Examples are Brahman, Brangus, Beefmaster.
American Breeds
73
Where is the oocyte (egg) released initially?
body cavity
74
Where is the site of fertilization?
oviduct
75
Where is the fertilized egg implanted to allow the female to know she's pregnant?
uterus
76
______________ is a very long coiled tube where sperm is concentrated, stored, matured, and transported.
epididymis
77
Leydig cells are responsible for what?
testosterone production
78
Which of the following is NOT true about the accessory glands?
-The seminal vesicles add fluid containing fructose for energy.
-The accessory glands secrete into the urethra.
-The accessory glands are housed in the scrotum.
-The cowpers gland produces a lubricating fluid that neutralizes the acidity of the urine in the tracts.
The accessory glands are housed in the scrotum.
79
The _____ has the largest testes/ body weight ratio, a very short ejaculate and the highest conentrated sperm.
ram
80
________ is a hormone produced in the hypothalmus and targets the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH. This hormone is suppressed by progesterone.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
81
___________ is produced in the posterior pituitary. It targets the utereus, causing uterine contraction and gamete transport and targets the mammary tissue to stimulate milk let down.
Oxytocin
82
________________ is produced in the follicle of the ovary and the placenta. It stimulates mating behavior during estrus, promotes the release of GnRH, and stimulates secondary sex characteristics in the female.
estrogen
83
___________ is produced in the CL of the ovary and the placenta. This hormone is responsible for mainatining pregnancy, mammary development and inhibits the release of GnRH.
progesterone
84
___________ is produced in the pineal gland and targets the hypothalmus. It partially controls seasonal reproductive patterns in certain species.
melatonin
85
Which of the following animals is NOT seasonally polyestrous?
swine
86
If a ewe is bred and marked by a ram on Oct 1, when should I be watching to see if the ram will mark her again?
Oct 16-18
87
___________ is the temporary organ that facilitates metabolic connection between the mother and fetus.
placenta
88
Which animal has the shortest gestation length?
sow
89
__________ are the secretory tissue of the mammary gland; grape-like structures that are each supplied blood via the capilary system to produce milk.
alveoli
90
The mare has _____ mammary glands that terminate into _____ teats.
4:2
91
In cattle milk yield peaks at ___________ post partum.
4-6 weeks
92
Which of the following farm animals has the highest milk fat on average?
sheep
93
Who was considered the Father of Genetics?
Gregor Mendel
94
__________________ is defined as one of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying corresponding sites on homologous chromosomes.
alleles
95
How many chromosomes do goats and cattle have?
60
96
When one member of a gene pair is expressed to the exclusion of the other, signified by a capital letter, it is considered ______________.
dominant
97
When two alleles in a gene pair are the same, the animal is considered ______________ for that gene.
homozygous
98
If you have a herd of red cows and you select a black bull of unknown genotype to breed to them, which result will tell you that the bull is homozygous for the black gene?
all the calves are black
99
__________________ exists when both allells are expressed in the phenotype when present in the heterozygous state. An example is the roan coloration in Shorthorn Cattle.
codominance
100
In ____________________ _______________________, the condition in the heterozygote where both genes are expressed in a way different from either homozygous condition. Offspring are a blending of two parent types. An example is the dilution gene seen in Charolais cattle.
incomplete dominance
101
In horses, the Bay coloration is an example of Epistasis. Which of the following statements about horse coloration is NOT true.
-A black mare may be a carrier of the bay gene.
-A sorrel mare may have any of the three genotypes for the Bay gene.
-A sorrel or chestnut mare is homozygous for the red coat color.
-A bay mare may be homozygous or heterozygous for both the color gene and the bay gene
A black mare may be a carrier of the bay gene.
102
In ________________ the same genotype is expressed differently depending on the sex of the animal. An example is that rams that are heterozygous for horned gene are hornes, whereas ewes that are heterozygous for the horned gene are polled.
sex-influenced inheritance
103
_________________ are traits that are expressed in one sex or another, but both sexes carry the genes for the trait. Examples would be scrotl circumference, milk production, and litter size.
sex-limited
104
If you have a herd of 50 sheep with the following genotypes:
5 HH
30 Hh
15 hh
What is the gene frequency of the Polled gene?
60%
105
___________________ is defined as changes in the chemical composition of a gene, causes the production of new alleles.
*Examples – Polled condition in cattle, lactose persistence in humans, myostatin gene (double muscling) in cattle
mutation
106
____________ are those traits in which phenotypes can be classified into groups rather than numerically measured. Examples are coat color, blood type, polled.
qualitative traits
107
____________________ is a measure of the amount of phenotypic variation that is due to additive gene effects. h2 is calculated for specific traits within a species.
heritability
108
____________ traits are lowly heritable.
reproductive traits
109
A ___________________ is a prediction of the difference between the performance of an individual’s progeny compared to all the contemporaries of the progeny. It is half the Breeding value.
expected progent difference
110
Consider the following two bulls:
1. Mike the Tiger BW EPD = 3.5
2. Big Red BW EPD = -1.5
Which of the following statements comparing these bulls is TRUE?
-Calves from Mike the Tiger will weigh 3.5 kilos.
-Calves from the daughters of Mike the TIger will be 3.5 pounds larger than those from Big Red.
-Calves from Mike the Tiger will on average be 5 pounds heavier than those from Big Red at birth.
-Calves from Big Red will be 1.5 times the size of those from the average of their breed.
Calves from Mike the Tiger will on average be 5 pounds heavier than those from Big Red at birth.
111
____________________ is the superiority of an outbred individual relative to the average performance of the parent populations.
hybrid vigor
112
Cross breeding increases _____________ , and results in offspring that are typically ___________.
hybrid vigor; more healthy
113
What is the name for Islamic religious slaughter?
Halal
114
Which of the following statements about DEVELOPING countries is NOT true?
-People in developing countries eat more meat than those in developed countries
-Over 50% of the population is involved in agriculture in developing countries.
-Devloping countries have a lower literacy rate than developed countries.
-Developed countries have highly mechanized farms with only one or two crops.
People in developing countries eat more meat than those in developed countries
115
___________ is the most limiting nurtient.
water
116
A loss of ____% water is fatal to most livestock species.
10
117
At a moderate temperature, which of the following has the greatest water requirements?
lactating cow
118
Which of the following provides the largest percentage of energy content in most feed stuffs?
carbohydrates
119
In mammals, digestion of cellulose must be by ___________ __________.
microbial fermentation
120
Proteins are made up of long chains of ________________.
amino acids
121
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
-C
-D
-E
-K
c
122
A specific allotment of feed given to an animal in a 24 hour period is defined as a _____________.
ration
123
The final growth and fattening phase in meat animals is known as _______________.
finishing
124
In a proximate analysis, ether extract measures what?
fat content
125
Digestible energy does NOT include energy lost in _____________.
feces
126
Simple stomached animals are known as ____________________.
monogastric
127
Which of the following is NOT true about rumination?
-The more fiber a feed has, the less time the animal will spend ruminating.
-It is commonly known as chewing the cud.
-Previously consumed food is regurgitated and chew some more.
-Ruminants may spend 1/3 of their life ruminating.
The more fiber a feed has, the less time the animal will spend ruminating.
128
The main energy product for ruminants from microbial fermentation is __________________.
volatile fatty acids
129
Which of the following does not belong?
-Reticulum
-Abomasum
-Proventriculus
-True stomach
reticulum
130
Which of the following is NOT part of the small intestine?
-Cecum
-Ileum
-Jejunum
-Duadenum
Cecum
131
In a young lamb, which organ is largest and most important for milk digestion?
abomasum
132
Which of the following species is a hindgut fermenter, meaning their digestive system is less efficient and they must be fed a higher quality forage diet.
-Horse
-Cattle
-Sheep
-Goats
horse
133
Which country leads the world in pork production?
China
134
Where is the US ranked in terms of beef production?
1st
135
Which country leads the world in dairy cow efficiency? Which has the most milk per cow?
Israel
136
Which country leads the world in bee hives and beeswax production?
India
137
These two countries lead the world in wool production.
China and Austrailia
138
Which US State has the most dairy cattle?
California
139
How has the number of dairy farms in Arkansas changed in the past 40 years?
The number of farms and cattle have decreased
140
To be considered 'Low-fat' milk, milk must have less than __________ % fat.
1.0
141
____________ is the process where chilled raw milk is heated to 161 F for at least 15 seconds before being quickly cooled back to 39F.
Pasteurization
142
What two vitamins are added to fluid milk?
A and D
143
What percentage of the beef produced in the US comes from dairy cattle?
20
144
The milk produced in the first three days postpartum is called _______________.
colostrum
145
Milk fever is caused by a rapid drain of ___________ from the blood.
calcium
146
In the dairy industry, the term for calving is _______________.
freshening
147
Cows reach peak production ________ days after freshening.
45-60
148
Mastitis is an inlfamation of the ______________, caused by bacteria or other organisms.
udder
149
___________ milk meets less stringent sanitary standards and can only be used for manufactured products (Class III and IV) with FDA permission.
Grade B
150
a mature female sheep
ewe
151
a mature female goat
doe
152
intact male sheep
ram
153
intact male goat
billy/buck
154
castrated male (either species)
wether
155
newborn sheep
lamb
156
newborn goat
kid
157
group of goats
band
158
question 14 dairy, sheep and goat
