swine notes

Question 1

young female swine

Answer 1

gilt

Question 2

mature female swine

Answer 2

sow

Question 3

young male swine

Answer 3

shoat

Question 4

mature male swine

Answer 4

boar

Question 5

castrated male swine

Answer 5

barrow

Question 6

newborn swine

Answer 6

pig/piglet

Question 7

group of swine

Answer 7

drove

Question 8

parturition of swine

Answer 8

farrowing

Question 9

how much of pork production accounts for farm receipts?

Answer 9

5.6%

Question 10

how much gross income was there from the swine industry in 2021 in the USA?

Answer 10

$28 billion

Question 11

Pork is the #1 meat produced worldwide

Answer 11

true, 36% of meat production, 264 billion pounds

Question 12

how many pigs are there worldwide and in the USA?

Answer 12

967 million head worldwide
73 million head in USA

Question 13

when and where pigs domesticated?

Answer 13

8000 BC in China

Question 14

what is the history behind hogs?

Answer 14

• Columbus brought pigs to the West Indies on 2nd voyage in 1493
• Hernando DeSoto brought them to Florida in 1539
  -breeds were developed all over the world and imported to North America

Question 15

what is wall street?

Answer 15

wall that was built around Manhattan, NY to keep out pigs

Question 17

what does Uncle sam have to do with swine history?

Answer 17

Sam Wilson was a meat packer who sent pork in barrels to soldiers in War of 1812 stamped ‘US’ so the soldiers thought they were from Uncle Sam

Question 18

what happened in 1812 regarding pork packing?

Answer 18

first packing plant in Cincinnati, 40000 hogs were driven there per year and it was called the “porkopolis”

Question 19

what happened in 1827 regarding pork packing?

Answer 19

slaughterhouse built in Chicago and by 1861 over 500000 hogs were processed in Chicago

Question 20

what happened in 1821 regarding pork packing?

Answer 20

the Erie canal eased the shipment of pigs to the East
- refrigerated railroad ars allowed for relocation of pork industry away fro the urban centers to the “Hog Belt”

Question 21

swine are…?

Answer 21

monogastric and omnivores
- most efficient converters of grain to red meat and require high energy feeds

Question 22

what are the characteristics of swine?

Answer 22

monogastric, omnivores, very powerful, no sweat glands, most intelligent livestock animal and neat freaks

Question 23

what is the structure of the swine industry?

Answer 23

seed stock, farrowing, nursery, finishing and packer

Question 24

what is seed stock?

Answer 24

brood stock intended for future production

Question 25

what are sire breeds?

Answer 25

muscular, lean and fast growing Hampshire, Duroc, Pietrain

Question 26

what are maternal breeds?

Answer 26

large capacity, good mothering ability yorkshire, landrace, chester white

Question 27

what are dual purpose breeds?

Answer 27

used as sires or dams, other specialties such as carcass traits berkshire, poland china and tamworth

Question 28

what do farms prioritize?

Answer 28

growth, muscle, structure, meat quality, health/robustness, feed efficiency and maternal traits

Question 29

when can pigs breed?

Answer 29

they are polyestrous so they have cycles multiple times in a year

Question 30

what are swines estrous cycle?

Answer 30

21 days

Question 31

what is swine's estrus cycle?

Answer 31

60 hours

Question 32

what is swine's gestation length?

Answer 32

114 days (3,3,3)

Question 33

when do gilts reach puberty?

Answer 33

5-10 months and should reach 250lbs at 7 months for breeding

Question 34

when do boars reach maturity?

Answer 34

7 months

Question 35

what are boars characteristics?

Answer 35

large, aggressive and dangerous

Question 36

how are most pigs bred?

Answer 36

Artificial Insemination

Question 37

what percent of pigs are bred using AI?

Answer 37

90-95%

Question 38

how to detect sows in heat?

Answer 38

swollen vulva, stand with pressure on the back, stiffen ears and vocalize

Question 39

what is group housing?

Answer 39

sows penned in large pens of 10-50 pigs, establish a pecking order and group fed

Question 40

what are gestation stalls?

Answer 40

small pens where sows are bred and remain during gestation, can stand and lie down but can't turn around, individually fed, easy to monitor sow's health

Question 41

what are combination pens?

Answer 41

sows have a choice of individual pens or groups and are bred in pens but only remain in them for a few days

Question 42

what is used when a sow is farrowing?

Answer 42

a farrowing crate that takes the mortality rate from 25-30% to 6-8% and allows cross-fostering

Question 43

what do newborn piglets need?

Answer 43

heat and colostrum

Question 44

what are the steps of piglet processing?

Answer 44

1. iron injection to prevent anemia 2. dip navel in antiseptic 3. dock tails to prevent tail biting 4. clip needle teeth 5. ear notching for identification 6. castrate males

Question 45

what does each ear's notch represent?

Answer 45

right: litter number left: pig number

Question 46

when are piglets typically weaned?

Answer 46

21-28 days

Question 47

what is the SEW system?

Answer 47

segregates early weaning - piglets weaned at 12-16 days - separates piglets from the mother and decreases the chance of her transmitting diseases - increases piglet survival

Question 48

what happens when weaned piglets are moved to a nursery?

Answer 48

-fed specialized, high energy diets -lactose and whey protein is often used -fed for 40+ days to 50-65lbs

Question 49

how much is a hog fed to at finishing?

Answer 49

280lbs with fed ad libitum (free choice)

Question 50

what are the phases of finishing?

Answer 50

starter, early-grower, late-grower, early-finisher, late-finisher different protein and fat needs at each phase

Question 51

what are hogs feed the last 28-35 days before slaughter?

Answer 51

paylean

Question 52

why are pigs fed Paylean?

Answer 52

to increase ADG, carcass leanness and feed efficiency

Question 53

what are scours?

Answer 53

-Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDv) -100% mortality in pigs less than 3 weeks old -sows can develop immunity and protect piglets

Question 54

what are scours most common in?

Answer 54

nursing and newly-weaned piglets

Question 55

what do scours cause?

Answer 55

dehydration

Question 56

what is scours caused by?

Answer 56

viruses, bacteria, protozoa and internal parasites

Question 57

what are the best ways to prevent scours?

Answer 57

vaccination and biosecurity

Question 58

what are respiratory diseases caused by?

Answer 58

bacteria or viruses

Question 59

what is Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRS)?

Answer 59

-causes respiratory illness -can cause abortion, early labor, stillborn and mummified pigs -infected pigs may shed virus for months

Question 60

what are gastric ulcers?

Answer 60

area in which the inner lining of the stomach is lost and deeper layers are exposed to potential damage from stomach acid

Question 61

what are gastric ulcers caused by?

Answer 61

stress and finely grounded or pelleted feeds

Question 62

how many pigs have gastric ulcers at slaughter?

Answer 62

over 50% may have non-lethal ulcers

Question 63

what are ways to ensure biosecurity?

Answer 63

boots and clothes worn only on the farm, shower in/out, pigs segregated by age, vehicles parked away from pigs and vermin controll