Hookworms

Question 1

where do hookworms live in the body

Answer 1

small intestine

Question 2

true or false:
hookworms have teeth

Answer 2

true

Question 3

how are hookworms introduced into the body

Answer 3

skin penetration
ingestion of infective eggs

Question 4

what is the most pathogenic and important species of hookworm of the dog

Answer 4

Ancylostoma caninum

Question 5

which species of hookworm is highly zoonotic

Answer 5

Ancylostoma braziliense

Question 6

true or false:
A. caninum is the most prevalent nematode of dogs

Answer 6

true

Question 7

true or false:
A. tubaeforme is the most pathogenic hookworm species

Answer 7

false
A. caninum is the most pathogenic hookworm

Question 8

what animal is often the host of A. tubaeforme

Answer 8

cat

Question 9

true or false:
cats can give kittens A. tubaeforme through a transmammary infection

Answer 9

false
ingestion and skin penetration are the only ways of transmission

Question 10

what is the main transmission route of A. braziliense

Answer 10

skin penetration

Question 11

true or false:
there is major concern with zoonotic transmission of Ancylostoma braziliense

Answer 11

true

Question 12

what can Ancylostoma braziliense cause in humans

Answer 12

CLM

Question 13

what is known as the “northern hookworm”

Answer 13

Uncinaria stenocephala

Question 14

true or false:
Uncinaria stencephala is the second most pathogenic species of hookworm

Answer 14

false
it is the least pathogenic species

Question 15

how do the eggs of U. stenocephala differ from other hookworm eggs

Answer 15

eggs are larger

Question 16

what species is the host of Bunostomum spp

Answer 16

ruminants

Question 17

what are forms of infection of Bunostomum spp

Answer 17

ingestion from environment
skin penetration

Question 18

what are the transmission modes of Ancylostoma caninum

Answer 18

transmammary
percutaneous
oral
paratenic host

Question 19

what is a contributing factor to the prevalence of hookworm increasing again

Answer 19

drug resistance in hookworms

Question 20

true or false:
the mode of transmission of A. caninum has important clinical implications and thus is important to understand

Answer 20

true

Question 21

true or false:
if A. caninum is ingested, there is no migration out of the GIT

Answer 21

true

Question 22

how long does it take for a dog to pass A. caninum eggs

Answer 22

2-3 weeks

Question 23

after skin penetration of A. caninum, where does A. caninum go

Answer 23

into blood vessels – heart –>
1) lungs in young dogs
2) somatic locations in immune dogs

Question 24

where does A. caninum like to develop

Answer 24

small intestine

Question 25

true or false: hookworms that infect immune dogs via skin penetration become hypobiotic in the muscle tissue

Answer 25

true

Question 26

true or false: you would expect to see hookworms in an adult dogs small intestine

Answer 26

false most adult dogs have no hookworms in their intestines

Question 27

although A. caninum can be hypobiotic in somatic tissues, how does it become re-activated

Answer 27

hormonal changes / pregnancy immune suppression / malnutrition

Question 28

what occurs when some adult dogs have a slow leak of somatic larvae into their intestines

Answer 28

larval leak

Question 29

in what group of dogs is larval leak becoming more prevalent

Answer 29

dogs infected with multidrug resistant worms

Question 30

in order for a puppy to be infected by the transmammary route, how must the bitch be infected in the first place (route of infection)

Answer 30

skin penetration -- the worm would be in the somatic tissue and not the intestines this way

Question 31

what are the clinical signs of hookworm

Answer 31

anemia dark-tarry stools (melena) diarrhetic feces with mucous / blood weight loss poor hair coat

Question 32

true or false: hook worms promote continuous blood loss by secreting peptide anticoagulants

Answer 32

true

Question 33

what are the 4 forms of hookworm disease due to A. caninum

Answer 33

peracute acute chronic nuisance

Question 34

a nursing pup comes in infected immediately after birth with hookworm. 1) what type of transmission was this 2) what level of hookworm disease is this

Answer 34

1) transmammary transmission 2) peracute

Question 35

what is the outcome of a peracute hookworm disease

Answer 35

no clinical signs sudden death

Question 36

why would a fecal float be negative in a peracute disease of hookworms

Answer 36

negative fecal float due to death within PPP

Question 37

which type of hookworm disease level is seen in pups older than 3 weeks old

Answer 37

acute

Question 38

how are most 3 week old pups infected with acute hookworm disease

Answer 38

second infection due to skin penetration due to larvae

Question 39

what are the clinical signs of a puppy with acute hookworm disease

Answer 39

profoundly anemic bloody or black, tarry diarrhea (melena) dermatitis / swollen painful footpads

Question 40

what are 2 ways chronic hookworm disease can present

Answer 40

adult dog infection (shelter dogs) larval leak

Question 41

what are 2 ways chronic hookworm disease can present

Answer 41

adult dog infection (shelter dogs) larval leak

Question 42

true or false: adult infected dogs with hookworm may be asymptomatic or only show mild clinical signs with eggs in feces

Answer 42

true

Question 43

true or false: definitive fecal floats can be done on pups <14-21 days old

Answer 43

false - these are presumptive dx because they wont be shedding eggs yet