Hormonal Communication

Question 1

Factors controlled by homeostasis

Answer 1

Body temp
Blood glucose
Blood ph

Question 2

Negative feedback steps

Answer 2

Change in internal environ
Receptors are stimulated when level is too high
Receptors send signal to effectors through nervous system
Effectors counteract the change
Can only maintain within specific range

Question 3

Normal blood glucose

Answer 3

90mg per 100cm3

Question 4

What monitors blood glucose levels

Answer 4

Pancreatic cells

Question 5

Controlling blood glucose in the liver

Answer 5

Gluconeogenisis
Glycogenisis
Glycogenolysis

Question 6

What cells detect high glucose

Answer 6

Beta cells

Question 7

Hormones responsible for restoring blood glucose if too low

Answer 7

Glucagon
Adrenaline

Question 8

When is adrenaline released

Answer 8

In response to exercise

Question 9

Primary messengers

Answer 9

Glucagon
adrenaline
Insulin

Question 10

When blood glucose is too low

Answer 10

Adrenaline and glucagon bind to receptors on membrane of liver cells
Binding activates an enzyme - adenylate Cyclase converts atp to cAMP
CAMP activates protein kinase A
Glycogenolysis breaks down glycogen to glucose

Question 11

Gluconeogenisis

Answer 11

Production of glucose from non carbohydrate sources eg liver makes glucose from glycerol and AA

Question 12

Diabetes 2

Answer 12

Develops when muscle and liver cells stop responding to insulin

Question 13

Diabetes 1

Answer 13

Autoimmune disease attacks beta cells prevent secretion of insulin

Question 14

Glucose in urine technique

Answer 14

Colorimetry with Benedict’s solution

Question 15

Glycogenisis

Answer 15

Production of glycogen when insulin bonds to cell membrane

Question 16

Insulin bonds to liver cell

Answer 16

Increase uptake of glucose
Glycogenisis forming glycogen
Lipigenisis glucose forms fatty acids
Increased respiration

Question 17

Islets of langerhans

Answer 17

Alpha cells glucagon
Beta cells insulin

Question 18

Endocrine pancreatic cells

Answer 18

Islets of langerhans produce insulin and glucagon

Question 19

Exocrine pancreatic cells

Answer 19

Acinar cells secrete enzymes into the pancreatic duct

Question 20

Adrenal cortex

Answer 20

Secrete steroid hormones - cortisol aldosterone

Question 21

Adrenal medulla

Answer 21

Secretes protein based hormones
Adrenaline increasing heart rate widen pupils etc

Question 22

Fight or flight response

Answer 22

Hypothalamus sends impulse along sympathetic neurone to the adrenal medulla release adrenaline
Pituitary gland release acth neurotransmitter cortex secrete cortisol break down fats suppress immune system

Question 23

Action of adrenaline

Answer 23

To trigger the liver cells to undergo Glycogenolysis so glucose released in blood stream - incr respiration for muscle contraction

Question 24

Adrenaline process

Answer 24

Hormone binds to cell membrane receptor site
Fuses to receptor site and activates adenylyl cyclase inside membrane
Activated adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP which acts as a secondary messenger activating protein kinases - enzymes for glycogen to glucose process

Question 25

Protein kinases

Answer 25

Phosphorylate and activate enzymes in the adrenaline process activate enzymes in Glycogenolysis process

Question 26

Diabetes 1 treatment

Answer 26

Regular insulin injections - prick finger (Too much hypoglycaemia) Pancreatic transplant B cell injection Stem cell treatment

Question 27

Diabetes 2 treatment

Answer 27

Regulate carbohydrate intake - diet and exercise Insulin stimulation drugs Drugs slow down glucose absorption Insulin injections - rare

Question 28

Insulin artificial production

Answer 28

Genetically modified bacteria produce insulin Produce pure insulin Can be produced in higher quant Costs cheaper Ethical animal use overcome

Question 29

Stem cell diabetes treatment

Answer 29

Totipotent cells in embryo - has to be destroyed Source would be from infertility treatments or abortions Or can use umbilical stem cells

Question 30

Advantages of stem cell treatments

Answer 30

Donor availability not issue - stem cells produce unlimited Reduce likelihood of rejection issues - can be made by somatic cell nuclear transfer No longer have to inject w insulin

Question 31

Steroid hormones

Answer 31

Lipid soluble Pass through phospholipid bilayer Receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus Hormone- receptor complex acts as transcription factor to synthesise protein

Question 32

Non steroid hormones

Answer 32

Hydrophilic cannot enter the cell binds to cell surface membrane receptors trigger secondary messengers cause reactions Adrenaline -> adenylyl cyclase