Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Transport In Animals Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Need for specialised exchange surfaces

A
  • metabolic activity is higher than single felled organisms
  • distance between the cells and where oxygen is needed and the supply of oxygen is too far for effective diffusion
    Sa:Vol ratio is too small for efficient gas exchange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Specialised exchange surfaces properties

A
  • increased sa
  • thin layers - quick diffusion
  • good blood supply
  • ventilation to maintain diffusion gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Human gaseous exchange system

A

Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Good blood supply warms air to body temp
Hairy mucus lined to trap bacteria
Moist reduces evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Trachea

A

Wide tube of C shaped cartilage (incomplete for food to move)
Goblet cells secrete mucus trapping dust/unwanted shit
Ciliated Epithelium- waft away mucus and dust etc from lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bronchus

A

Trachea divides to form bronchi
Similar structure to trachea but smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bronchioles

A

No cartilage
Walls contain smooth muscle which constricts and dilated controlling air flow
Thin flattened epithelium where some exchange can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs where main exchange occurs
Contain flattened epithelial cells with some collagen and elastic fibres to allow elastic recoil depending on air drawn in/out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alveoli adaptations

A
  • large sa :vol ratio
  • thin layers
    -good blood supply
  • good ventilation- breathing in and out
  • lung surfactant makes it possible for alveoli to remain inflated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Inspiration

A

-diaphragm contracts flattens and lowers
- ex intercostal muscles contract - ribs up and out
- thorax pressure reduced lower pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Expiration

A

Diaphragm relax
Ex intercostal muscles relax ribs down+ in
Alveoli elastic fibres relax
Thorax pressure increase moves air out
Forced- in intercostal muscles contract forcing diaphragm up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Measuring lung capacity

A

Peak flow meter
Spirometer
Vilatographs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tidal vol

A

Vol air and out resting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vital capacity

A

Vol air strongest inhale and exhale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Inspiratory and expiratory reserve

A

Max ins/exp reserve- tidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Residual volume

A

Air left in lungs after strongest exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ventilation rate

A

Tidal vol x breathing rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why do insects have an exchange system

A

Have a tough exoskeleton so no exchange occurs on surface so require specialised exchange system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Spiracles

A

Air enter and leaves
Water is also lost here
Minimised by sphincters
Located in thorax and abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tracheae

A

Largest tubes
Leading away from spiracles
Lined w chitin - impermeable and strong
Lead to tracheoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tracheoles

A

No chitin so permeable for gas exchange
Tracheol fluid at ends of tracheoles which limits diffusion
V large sa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Tracheal fluid

A

Seeps into tracheoles at rest
Muscles draw up fluid when active
Lowers pressure in tracheoles and incr sa for direct gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Larger insect adaptations

A

Pump using thorax / abdomen incr decr pressure forcing air in and out
Air sac reserves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Exchange in fish

Study These Flashcards
A

Cannot diffuse through scales water has low O2 affinity
Oxygen rich O2 moves via mouth and over gills exchanging O2 and CO2

25
Fish structural gas exchange system
Gills - maintain a unidirectional flow of water and are supported by bony hill arches Gill filaments extend from the arch large stacks exposing the large SA Gill lamellae- rich blood supply large sa main site for gas exchange
26
Counter current flow
Direction of water opposite to blood flow Maintain steep conc gradient for efficient gas exchange
27
Gas exchange system in fish
1. Fish opens mouth and floor of buccal cavity drops increasing vol for H2O 2. Operculum shuts increasing volume of operculum cavity 3. Buccal floor lifts incr pressure and water flows into operc. Cavity over gills 4. Fish closes mouth and operculum opens allowing H2O to be forced out operculum
28
circulatory systems requirements
Liquid transport medium Vessels that carry medium Pumping mechanism
29
Mass transport system
When substance transported in mass of fluid w mechanism moving fluid around body
30
Open circulatory system
Very few vessels Straight from heart to body cavity of the animal - haemocel Haemolymph in insects carries nutrients and nitrogenous waste
31
Closed circulatory system
Blood is enclosed in vessels and does not come into contact with the cells of the body Heart pumps blood around the body under pressure returning to the heart
32
Single circulatory system
Blood travels through heart once for each complete circulation of the body 2 sets of capillaries - exchange O2 and Co2 & supply cells Blood returns to the heart slowly
33
Double circulatory system
Travels twice through the heart for each circuit of the body Blood pumped from heart to lungs to pick oxygen and unload CO2 Pump again to the body High pressure+ blood flow
34
Arteries
Elastic fibres to withstand blood surges Smooth endothelial layer Smooth muscle constrict and dilate vessel Collagen maintain elastic stretch
35
Arterioles
More smooth muscle Less elastin little pulse surge
36
Capillaries
Link arterioles to venues 1 rbc at a time slow for max diffusion Substances are exchanged through gaps in the wall tissue fluid Large Sa / thin for diffusion
37
Veins and venues
Low pressure Valves prevent blood flow Lots of collagen little elastic fibres Wide lumen Smooth muscle to maintain blood flow
38
Low pressure blood adaptations
One way valves at intervals Big veins run between big active muscles which contract often pushing blood back to the heart Breathing movements act as a pump altering pressure
39
Composition of blood
55% plasma RBCs WBCs and platelets
40
Composition of plasma
Glucose Amino acids Hormones Albumin - osmotic potential protein Fibrinogen - clotting protein Globulins - immune system protein
41
Functions of the blood
Transports O2/Co2 /digested food from s intest. / nitrogenous waste / hormones/ platelets etc Acts as a buffer minimising pH changes
42
Tissue fluid
Substance that passes through fenestrations of the capillaries into tissues
43
Oncontic pressure
Albumin gives blood a low water potential - water moves into blood by osmosis
44
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure from blood surge every time heart contracts - tissue fluid is forced out 4.6kPa This falls as move along the capillary 2.3kPa and the oncotic pressure remains so water moves back into the capillary via osmosis
45
Lymph
Tissue fluid remains drained into lymph capillaries Containing valves to prevent back flow Lymph nodes are along the capillaries which contain lymphocytes to intercept debri Return to blood plasma
46
Haemoglobin
Red pigment that carries oxygen Globular conjugated protein with a haem prosthetic group 300 million per RBC O2 binds loosely
47
Carrying oxygen
O2 binds w haemoglobin this causes Hb to change shape making it easier for the second to bind - positive cooperativity Free O2 in RBC is low so steep conc gradient maintained until Hb is saturated
48
Unloading oxygen
Once first oxygen breaks away Hb molecules change shape so it is easier to remove the O2
49
Oxygen dissociation curve
S shaped when one O2 binds changes Hb shape for it to be easier to bind a) low pO2 few haem groups attached to O2 so Hb doesn’t carry much b) more Hb attached to O2 easier to bind c) Hb saturated at v high pO2 as all haem groups bound
50
Effect of CO2
Higher pCO2 Hb gives up oxygen more easier Important in active tissue exchange and in the lungs
51
Transporting CO2
5% in plasma 10-20% as carb amino haemoglobin (CO2 binds to haem group) 75-85% into HCO3- ions
52
CO2 as hydrogen carbonate
CO2 react with H2O in RBC forming H2CO3 Dissociates into H+ and HCO3- HCO3- moves out RBCs and Cl- move in H+ removed by buffers HCO3- and H+ reversed forming CO2 and H2O at the lungs
53
Right side of heart
Deoxygenated blood from body to heart to lungs Vena cava into the right atrium Right ventricle into pulmonary artery Right atrium hold the SAN
54
Left side of heart
Oxygenated blood from lungs to heart to body Pulmonary vein from lungs to left atrium Left ventricle to aorta to the body
55
Heart function cycle
1. Atrial systole/ ventricular diastole - atrial contract forcing blood through atrioventricular valve (tricuspid/bicuspid) 2. Atrial diastole/ ventricular systole - ventricle pressure increases and forces blood through semi lunar valve 3. Atrial/ ventricular diastole - atrium fills with blood high pressure some passes through into ventricles passively
56
Lub dub noise
Lub= blood against av valve from ventricular systole Dub= blood against sl valve from ventricular diastole
57
Electrical excitation of the heart
Cardiac muscle is myogenic- own intrinsic rhythm Sino atrial node causes atria to contract Insulating tissue between atria and ventricles to prevent ventricles contracting Atrioventricular nodes stimulate bundle of his stimulating purkyn fibres triggering contraction of ventricles
58
ECGs
Small start wave- atrial systole Double opposite peak- ventri. systole B-road peak - ventricular diastole
59
Abnormalities of heart rhythm
Tachycardia- rapid >100bpm Bradycardia- slow >60bpm Ectopic- extra beat Atrial fibrillation- random (rapid impulse from atria only some impulse passed onto ventricles)

Biology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions