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Biology > Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Need for specialised exchange surfaces

A
  • metabolic activity is higher than single felled organisms
  • distance between the cells and where oxygen is needed and the supply of oxygen is too far for effective diffusion
    Sa:Vol ratio is too small for efficient gas exchange
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2
Q

Specialised exchange surfaces properties

A
  • increased sa
  • thin layers - quick diffusion
  • good blood supply
  • ventilation to maintain diffusion gradient
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3
Q

Human gaseous exchange system

A

Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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4
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Good blood supply warms air to body temp
Hairy mucus lined to trap bacteria
Moist reduces evaporation

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5
Q

Trachea

A

Wide tube of C shaped cartilage (incomplete for food to move)
Goblet cells secrete mucus trapping dust/unwanted shit
Ciliated Epithelium- waft away mucus and dust etc from lungs

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6
Q

Bronchus

A

Trachea divides to form bronchi
Similar structure to trachea but smaller

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7
Q

Bronchioles

A

No cartilage
Walls contain smooth muscle which constricts and dilated controlling air flow
Thin flattened epithelium where some exchange can occur

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8
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs where main exchange occurs
Contain flattened epithelial cells with some collagen and elastic fibres to allow elastic recoil depending on air drawn in/out

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9
Q

Alveoli adaptations

A
  • large sa :vol ratio
  • thin layers
    -good blood supply
  • good ventilation- breathing in and out
  • lung surfactant makes it possible for alveoli to remain inflated
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10
Q

Inspiration

A

-diaphragm contracts flattens and lowers
- ex intercostal muscles contract - ribs up and out
- thorax pressure reduced lower pressure

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11
Q

Expiration

A

Diaphragm relax
Ex intercostal muscles relax ribs down+ in
Alveoli elastic fibres relax
Thorax pressure increase moves air out
Forced- in intercostal muscles contract forcing diaphragm up

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12
Q

Measuring lung capacity

A

Peak flow meter
Spirometer
Vilatographs

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13
Q

Tidal vol

A

Vol air and out resting

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14
Q

Vital capacity

A

Vol air strongest inhale and exhale

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15
Q

Inspiratory and expiratory reserve

A

Max ins/exp reserve- tidal

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16
Q

Residual volume

A

Air left in lungs after strongest exhalation

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17
Q

Ventilation rate

A

Tidal vol x breathing rate

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18
Q

Why do insects have an exchange system

A

Have a tough exoskeleton so no exchange occurs on surface so require specialised exchange system

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19
Q

Spiracles

A

Air enter and leaves
Water is also lost here
Minimised by sphincters
Located in thorax and abdomen

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20
Q

Tracheae

A

Largest tubes
Leading away from spiracles
Lined w chitin - impermeable and strong
Lead to tracheoles

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21
Q

Tracheoles

A

No chitin so permeable for gas exchange
Tracheol fluid at ends of tracheoles which limits diffusion
V large sa

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22
Q

Tracheal fluid

A

Seeps into tracheoles at rest
Muscles draw up fluid when active
Lowers pressure in tracheoles and incr sa for direct gas exchange

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23
Q

Larger insect adaptations

A

Pump using thorax / abdomen incr decr pressure forcing air in and out
Air sac reserves

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24
Q

Exchange in fish

A

Cannot diffuse through scales water has low O2 affinity
Oxygen rich O2 moves via mouth and over gills exchanging O2 and CO2

25
Q

Fish structural gas exchange system

A

Gills - maintain a unidirectional flow of water and are supported by bony hill arches
Gill filaments extend from the arch large stacks exposing the large SA
Gill lamellae- rich blood supply large sa main site for gas exchange

26
Q

Counter current flow

A

Direction of water opposite to blood flow
Maintain steep conc gradient for efficient gas exchange

27
Q

Gas exchange system in fish

A
  1. Fish opens mouth and floor of buccal cavity drops increasing vol for H2O
  2. Operculum shuts increasing volume of operculum cavity
  3. Buccal floor lifts incr pressure and water flows into operc. Cavity over gills
  4. Fish closes mouth and operculum opens allowing H2O to be forced out operculum
28
Q

circulatory systems requirements

A

Liquid transport medium
Vessels that carry medium
Pumping mechanism

29
Q

Mass transport system

A

When substance transported in mass of fluid w mechanism moving fluid around body

30
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Very few vessels
Straight from heart to body cavity of the animal - haemocel
Haemolymph in insects carries nutrients and nitrogenous waste

31
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood is enclosed in vessels and does not come into contact with the cells of the body
Heart pumps blood around the body under pressure returning to the heart

32
Q

Single circulatory system

A

Blood travels through heart once for each complete circulation of the body
2 sets of capillaries - exchange O2 and Co2 & supply cells
Blood returns to the heart slowly

33
Q

Double circulatory system

A

Travels twice through the heart for each circuit of the body
Blood pumped from heart to lungs to pick oxygen and unload CO2
Pump again to the body
High pressure+ blood flow

34
Q

Arteries

A

Elastic fibres to withstand blood surges
Smooth endothelial layer
Smooth muscle constrict and dilate vessel
Collagen maintain elastic stretch

35
Q

Arterioles

A

More smooth muscle
Less elastin little pulse surge

36
Q

Capillaries

A

Link arterioles to venues
1 rbc at a time slow for max diffusion
Substances are exchanged through gaps in the wall tissue fluid
Large Sa / thin for diffusion

37
Q

Veins and venues

A

Low pressure
Valves prevent blood flow
Lots of collagen little elastic fibres
Wide lumen
Smooth muscle to maintain blood flow

38
Q

Low pressure blood adaptations

A

One way valves at intervals
Big veins run between big active muscles which contract often pushing blood back to the heart
Breathing movements act as a pump altering pressure

39
Q

Composition of blood

A

55% plasma
RBCs WBCs and platelets

40
Q

Composition of plasma

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Hormones
Albumin - osmotic potential protein
Fibrinogen - clotting protein
Globulins - immune system protein

41
Q

Functions of the blood

A

Transports O2/Co2 /digested food from s intest. / nitrogenous waste / hormones/ platelets etc
Acts as a buffer minimising pH changes

42
Q

Tissue fluid

A

Substance that passes through fenestrations of the capillaries into tissues

43
Q

Oncontic pressure

A

Albumin gives blood a low water potential - water moves into blood by osmosis

44
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure from blood surge every time heart contracts - tissue fluid is forced out 4.6kPa
This falls as move along the capillary 2.3kPa and the oncotic pressure remains so water moves back into the capillary via osmosis

45
Q

Lymph

A

Tissue fluid remains drained into lymph capillaries
Containing valves to prevent back flow
Lymph nodes are along the capillaries which contain lymphocytes to intercept debri
Return to blood plasma

46
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Red pigment that carries oxygen
Globular conjugated protein with a haem prosthetic group
300 million per RBC
O2 binds loosely

47
Q

Carrying oxygen

A

O2 binds w haemoglobin this causes Hb to change shape making it easier for the second to bind - positive cooperativity
Free O2 in RBC is low so steep conc gradient maintained until Hb is saturated

48
Q

Unloading oxygen

A

Once first oxygen breaks away Hb molecules change shape so it is easier to remove the O2

49
Q

Oxygen dissociation curve

A

S shaped when one O2 binds changes Hb shape for it to be easier to bind
a) low pO2 few haem groups attached to O2 so Hb doesn’t carry much
b) more Hb attached to O2 easier to bind
c) Hb saturated at v high pO2 as all haem groups bound

50
Q

Effect of CO2

A

Higher pCO2 Hb gives up oxygen more easier
Important in active tissue exchange and in the lungs

51
Q

Transporting CO2

A

5% in plasma
10-20% as carb amino haemoglobin (CO2 binds to haem group)
75-85% into HCO3- ions

52
Q

CO2 as hydrogen carbonate

A

CO2 react with H2O in RBC forming H2CO3
Dissociates into H+ and HCO3-
HCO3- moves out RBCs and Cl- move in
H+ removed by buffers
HCO3- and H+ reversed forming CO2 and H2O at the lungs

53
Q

Right side of heart

A

Deoxygenated blood from body to heart to lungs
Vena cava into the right atrium
Right ventricle into pulmonary artery
Right atrium hold the SAN

54
Q

Left side of heart

A

Oxygenated blood from lungs to heart to body
Pulmonary vein from lungs to left atrium
Left ventricle to aorta to the body

55
Q

Heart function cycle

A
  1. Atrial systole/ ventricular diastole - atrial contract forcing blood through atrioventricular valve (tricuspid/bicuspid)
  2. Atrial diastole/ ventricular systole - ventricle pressure increases and forces blood through semi lunar valve
  3. Atrial/ ventricular diastole - atrium fills with blood high pressure some passes through into ventricles passively
56
Q

Lub dub noise

A

Lub= blood against av valve from ventricular systole
Dub= blood against sl valve from ventricular diastole

57
Q

Electrical excitation of the heart

A

Cardiac muscle is myogenic- own intrinsic rhythm
Sino atrial node causes atria to contract
Insulating tissue between atria and ventricles to prevent ventricles contracting
Atrioventricular nodes stimulate bundle of his stimulating purkyn fibres triggering contraction of ventricles

58
Q

ECGs

A

Small start wave- atrial systole
Double opposite peak- ventri. systole
B-road peak - ventricular diastole

59
Q

Abnormalities of heart rhythm

A

Tachycardia- rapid >100bpm
Bradycardia- slow >60bpm
Ectopic- extra beat
Atrial fibrillation- random (rapid impulse from atria only some impulse passed onto ventricles)

Biology (24 decks)

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