Hormonal Communication

Question 1

What is an endocrine gland?

Answer 1

A group of cells which are specialised to secrete chemicals (hormones) directly into the blood

Question 2

What are the main endocrine glands in the body?

Answer 2

-Pituitary gland
-Thyroid gland
-Adrenal gland
-Pineal gland
-Thymus
-Pancreas
-Testis
-Ovary

Question 3

Which gland secretes melatonin

Answer 3

Pineal

Question 4

Which gland secretes insulin and glucagon

Answer 4

pancreas

Question 5

Which gland produces growth hormones, anti-diuretic hormone and gonadotrophins?

Answer 5

Pituitary

Question 6

Which gland produces thymosin?

Answer 6

Thymus

Question 7

Which gland produces thyroxine?

Answer 7

Thyroid

Question 8

What is the definition of hormone?

Answer 8

chemical messenger which is directly secreted into the blood to reach their target cells

Question 9

What are the two types of hormones?

Answer 9

steroid and non-steroid

Question 9

where would a steroid hormones receptor be?

Answer 9

in the cytoplasm or nucleus as it lipid soluble so can diffuse through membranes

Question 10

Where would a receptor be found for a non-steroid hormone?

Answer 10

cell surface membrane

Question 11

What are the advantages of hormonal rather than neuronal?

Answer 11

longer and widespread effect and effect could be permanent

Question 12

What are the advantages of neuronal rather than hormonal?

Answer 12

faster, localised, specific and effect is temporary

Question 13

where are the adrenal glands found?

Answer 13

on top of each kidney

Question 14

what 2 parts make up an adrenal gland?

Answer 14

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Question 15

what hormones are produced by adrenal cortex?

Answer 15

essential hormones to life
cortisol- regulates metabolism
corticosterone-regulate immune response
aldosterone-controls blood pressure

Question 16

what hormones are produced by adrenal medulla?

Answer 16

non-essential hormones stimulated by sympathetic nervous system
adrenaline
noradrenaline

Question 17

What is able to act as an exocrine gland and endocrine gland?

Answer 17

Pancreas

Question 18

What does an exocrine gland do?

Answer 18

produces enzymes and releases them via a duct

Question 19

What enzymes does the pancreas release

Answer 19

amylase, lipase, proteases into the duodenum

Question 20

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

Answer 20

insulin and glucagon

Question 21

what tissue produces insulin and glucagon?

Answer 21

Both are produced in islets of Langerhans
insulin secreted by beta cells
glucagon secreted by alpha cells

Question 22

What 3 factors increases blood glucose?

Answer 22

diet
glycogenolysis- breaking down glycogen
gluconeogenesis- making glucose from glycerol

Question 23

What 2 factors decreases blood glucose?

Answer 23

respiration
glycogenesis- production glycogen

Question 24

Which cells don't have insulin receptors?

Answer 24

red blood cells

Question 25

Which cells detect rise in blood glucose levels and secrete insulin?

Answer 25

beta cells

Question 25

What 5 ways does insulin lower blood glucose concentration?

Answer 25

-Increases rate absorption of glucose by cells by when insulin binds to it's glycoprotein receptor it changes the tertiary structure causing the glucose transport protein channels to open more. -increases the respiratory rate of cells -increases the rate of glycogenesis -increases rate glucose to fat conversion -inhibits the release of glucagon

Question 26

What is insulin production an example of?

Answer 26

Negative feedback

Question 27

Which cells in the body have glucagon receptors?

Answer 27

liver and fat cells

Question 28

How does glucagon raise blood sugar concentrations

Answer 28

glycogenolysis reduce the amount of glucose absorbed by the liver increasing gluconeogenesis

Question 29

What is the system of blood sugar concentration said to be

Answer 29

self regulating

Question 30

7 steps insulin secretion

Answer 30

1. normal conc k+ channels are open and K+ can diffuse out of the cell -70mV 2. when glucose conc rises glucose enters the cell via a glucose transporter 3. glucose is metabolised inside the mitrochondria producing ATP 4. ATP binds to K+ channels causing them to close 5. K+ can no longer diffuse out so depolarisation occurs -30mV 6. Depolarisation causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open 7. Ca2+ enters the cell and causes secretory vesicles to release insulin via exocytosis

Question 31

What type of diabetes is it when you cannot use insulin?

Answer 31

type 2 either b cells so not produce enough or body cells so do not respond

Question 32

What type of diabetes is it when you cannot produce insulin?

Answer 32

type 1

Question 33

What causes type 2?

Answer 33

obesity and lack of exercise

Question 34

What is the treatment for type 1?

Answer 34

insulin injections

Question 35

What is the treatment for type 2?

Answer 35

control weight and glucose intake, increases exercise, insulin injections

Question 36

What can medically produced insulin be produced by?

Answer 36

GM bacteria

Question 37

What could be the advantages of stem cell treatment for diabetes type 1 and what could be the concerns?

Answer 37

+ve no concern over donor availability reduced likelihood of rejection due to embryonic stem cells not being rejected no longer required to inject themselves -ve scientists ability to control growth of stem cells is limited therefore is it a major concern it might induce tumours

Question 38

Which part of the brain activates the fight or flight response?

Answer 38

Hypothalamus

Question 39

What does the sympathetic nervous system activate in fight and flight response?

Answer 39

adrenal medulla (release adrenaline or noradrenaline) , smooth muscle and glands

Question 40

What does the adrenal-cortical system do?

Answer 40

causes the pituitary gland to secrete hormone ACTH

Question 41

What are 7 physical responses to fight or flight?

Answer 41

heart rate increases pupils dilate arterioles in skin constrict blood glucose levels increase smooth muscle of airway relaxes non essential systems shut down e.g digestion brain focused on threat

Question 42

Why can't adrenaline pass through cell membranes?

Answer 42

Polar/Hydrophilic

Question 43

What is adrenalines main function?

Answer 43

Trigger liver cells to undergo glycogenolysis so glucose is released into the blood stream (noradrenaline causes the other responses)

Question 44

What happens when adrenaline binds to a receptor on the surface of a liver cell membrane?

Answer 44

Binds to receptor causing it to change shape Which activates adenyl cyclase Adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP cAMP activates protein kinases which phosphorylate and activates other enzymes converting glycogen to glucose

Question 45

What nervous system controls heart rate?

Answer 45

autonomic

Question 46

What node in the heart is the medulla linked to by motor neurones?

Answer 46

SAN

Question 47

Which part of the nervous system increases heart rate?

Answer 47

sympathetic and is transmitted by the accelerator nerve

Question 48

Which part of the nervous system decreases heart rate?

Answer 48

parasympathetic and are transmitted by the vagus nerve

Question 49

Which two types of receptors provide info that affects the heart rate?

Answer 49

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

Question 50

Where would you find baroreceptors which affect heart rate?

Answer 50

aorta, vena cava and carotid arteries

Question 51

Where would you find chemoreceptors which affect heart rate?

Answer 51

aorta, carotid artery and the medulla

Question 52

what happens if the chemoreceptors detect a decrease in PH?

Answer 52

Increases frequency of impulses to SAN SAN increases the heart rate Increases blood flow and therefore is able to remove CO2 quicker

Question 53

What happens if blood pressure is too high?

Answer 53

medulla sends impulses along the parasympathetic neurones to the SAN to decreases heart rate.