Kidneys

Question 1

what are the main blood vessels connected to the kidneys?

Answer 1

Renl artery
Renal vein

Question 2

What does the urine pass into out of the kidney?

Answer 2

ureter then urethra

Question 3

What is the kidney primarily made up of?

Answer 3

nephrons

Question 4

What are he 3 main structures of the kidney?

Answer 4

cortex- outer layer
medulla
pelvis

Question 5

What happens in the cortex?

Answer 5

filtering of blood takes place because there is dense capillary network

Question 6

What happens at the medulla?

Answer 6

it contains the tubules of the nephrons and the collecting ducts

Question 7

What happens in the pelvis?

Answer 7

central chamber where urine collects

Question 8

What is the strcuture of a nephron?

Answer 8

-Bowman’s capsule
-Proximal convoluted tubule
-Loop of Henle
-Distal convoluted tubule
-Collecting duct

Question 9

What does the large capillary network around the nephrons join to?

Answer 9

venule then the renal vein

Question 10

What is the Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 10

cup-shaped structure containing the glomerulus, tangle of capillaries, podocytes, and a basement membrane

Question 11

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 11

coiled region of tubules with microvilli in the cortex of the kidney, they have many mitrochondria for reabsorption

Question 12

What is the loop of Henle?

Answer 12

a long loop of tubule with a very high solute concentration, found in medulla. It has a descending and ascending limb

Question 13

What is distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 13

walls with variable permeability to water depending on the levels of ADH

Question 14

What is the collecting duct?

Answer 14

situated in medulla into the pelvis, the walls are sensitive to ADH

Question 15

What is ADH?

Answer 15

antidiuretic hormone

Question 16

What is the process of ultrafiltration?

Answer 16

Glomerulus is supplied with blood from wide afferent arteriole and blood leaves via efferent narrower arteriole
This means there is a high hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries forcing blood out through the capillary wall. Hydrostatic pressure > oncotic pressure
The blood is then filtered by the basement membrane which is made of collagen fibres - acts as sieve.
Contains podocytes which have extensions called pedicels which makes sure no plasma proteins, or cells mange to get into the filtrate.

Question 17

What is reabsorbed at PCT?

Answer 17

all glucose, amino acids, vitamins and hormones

Question 18

What does the medulla have high concentrations of?

Answer 18

sodium and chloride ions

Question 19

What part of the loop of Henle is not permeable to water?

Answer 19

ascending limb

Question 20

What part of the loop of Henle is not permeable to ions?

Answer 20

descending limb

Question 21

How does reabsorption occur in PCT?

Answer 21

Active transport of Na+ into blood out of microvilli, therefore conc Na+ decreases
Na+ diffuses from filtrate into blood and acts as a cotransporter for glucose and amino acids into microvilli cells
Glucose and aa can move into the blood via facilitated diffusion

Question 22

What is the fluid in the hair pin bend compared to the blood of the capillaries?

Answer 22

hypertonic

Question 23

Where does diffusion of Na+ and Cl- out of loop of Henle take place?

Answer 23

beginning of ascending limb

Question 24

Where does active transport of Na+ and Cl- take place out of the loop of Henle?

Answer 24

upper section of loop of Henle

Question 25

At the end of the loop of Henle what is the filtrate to the blood?

Answer 25

hypotonic

Question 26

Where can more reabsorption take place if the body is lacking ions?

Answer 26

distal convoluted tubule

Question 27

What does ADH do?

Answer 27

Increases DCT permeability to water Binds to receptors on cell membranes producing cAMP, causing vesicles in the cells of the collecting duct to fuse with cell surface membrane which contain water channels making the cells permeable to water therefore more conc urine

Question 28

What controls the levels of ADH?

Answer 28

osmoreceptors

Question 29

What is ADH an example of?

Answer 29

negative feedback

Question 30

What happens when water is in short supply?

Answer 30

Water potential decreases, detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus , they send nerve impulses to the posterior pituitary then releases more ADH and increases permeability to water

Question 31

What does a pregnancy test test for?

Answer 31

human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 32

How do you make monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 32

a mouse is injected with hCG so it makes the antibody, these B cells are removed from the spleen of the mouse and fused with a myeloma, which forms a hybridoma. Therefore produces loads of the desired antibody

Question 33

What are the main stages of a pregnancy test?

Answer 33

- soak the wick in urine in morning -the wick contains monoclonal antibodies with attatched dye which will bind if hCG is present - first window there is a line of immobilised monoclonal antibodies which the hCG complex if present will bind to and a line will show -second window immobilised antibodies which will bind to the mobile antibodies regardless to whether they are bound to hCG or not and show a line

Question 34

How do you test for anabolic steroids?

Answer 34

Test urine using gas chromatography or mass spectrometry

Question 35

What can cause kidney failure?

Answer 35

infections, high blood pressure

Question 36

What can kidney failure cause?

Answer 36

blood in urine weight loss urea in the blood high blood pressure anaemia brittle bones death

Question 37

What in the blood can give an estimate of glomerulus filtration rate?

Answer 37

creatinine

Question 38

What are the two types of renal dialysis?

Answer 38

haemodialysis - attached to a machine peritoneal dialysis- inside the body

Question 39

What are the concerns over kidney transplants?

Answer 39

rejection ( have to be same tissue and blood type but still risk of rejection) immunosuppressants

Question 40

What are the advantages of kidney transplant over dialysis?

Answer 40

cheaper, more convenient, can last 10+ years, no restrictions