Respiration

Question 1

What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration?

Answer 1

Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 2

Where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 2

cytoplasm

Question 3

What does glucose get phosphorylated to?

Answer 3

Hexose bisphosphate
Using 2 ATP

Question 4

What does hexose bisphosphate get split into?

Answer 4

2x Triose bisphosphate

Question 5

What does triose bisphosphate get oxidised into?

Answer 5

Pyruvate
Producing 2 ATP and 1 reduced NAD

Question 6

What is the overall net gain from glycolysis?

Answer 6

2x pyruvate
2x ATP
2x NADH

Question 7

Where does link reaction take place?

Answer 7

matrix of mitrochondria

Question 8

What does oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate produce?

Answer 8

acetyl group and coenzyme A
= acetylcoenzyme A
producing CO2 and NADH

Question 9

What are NAD and FAD?

Answer 9

coenzymes

Question 10

How many protons does FAD accept?

Answer 10

2

Question 11

How many protons does NAD accept?

Answer 11

1

Question 12

Where does krebs cycle take place?

Answer 12

mitochondrial matrix

Question 13

What does acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate produce?

Answer 13

citrate (6C) and CoA (which now leaves krebs cycle)

Question 14

What is produced from citric acid?

Answer 14

5 carbon-compound
Producing CO2 and NADH

Question 15

What is produced from 5 carbon-compound?

Answer 15

4 carbon-compound
producing CO2 and NADH

Question 16

What process does the citrate keep going through until oxaloacetate is produced again?

Answer 16

decarboxylation, dehydrogenation and substrate level phosphorylation
producing per pyruvate (would be 2x for each glucose molecule)
2x CO2
1x ATP
3x NADH
1x FADH2

Question 17

How many ATP does reduced NAD produce?

Answer 17

3

Question 18

How many ATP does reduced FAD produce?

Answer 18

2

Question 19

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

Answer 19

membrane of cristae

Question 20

What is the process called when protons diffuse back down a conc gradient and ATP is produced?

Answer 20

chemiosmosis

Question 21

What is the final electron acceptor?

Answer 21

oxygen

Question 22

What do the hydrogen atoms from coenzymes dissociate into?

Answer 22

H+ and e-

Question 23

What do electron carriers use the energy from the electron transport chain for?

Answer 23

to pump protons into the intermembrane space

Question 24

What do protons diffuse through back into the matrix?

Answer 24

ATP synthase

Question 25

What is the overall net production of ATP per glucose molecule?

Answer 25

32

Question 26

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 26

production of ATP from an inorganic phosphate ion combining with ADP from creatine phosphate

Question 27

What are three different categories dependant on their need for oxygen?

Answer 27

obligate anaerobes facultative anaerobes obligate aerobes

Question 28

What is a obligate anaerobe?

Answer 28

cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

Question 29

what is a facultative anaerobe?

Answer 29

synthesis ATP by oxygen if available otherwise switch to anaerobic e.g yeast

Question 30

What is obligate aerobe?

Answer 30

can only synthesis ATP in the presence of oxygen e.g mammals but muscle cells might be classified as a facultative anaerobe

Question 31

Which stage of respiration occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic?

Answer 31

Glycolysis

Question 32

What does pyruvate go to in alcoholic fermentation?

Answer 32

ethanal then ethanol producing CO2 and uses NADH

Question 33

What does pyruvate go to in lactate fermentation?

Answer 33

lactate using NADH

Question 34

What enzyme coverts pyruvate to lactate?

Answer 34

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 35

What is oxygen debt?

Answer 35

the amount of oxygen needed by the liver to convert lactic acid back to glucose

Question 36

What are the 3 different types of respiratory substrates?

Answer 36

lipids proteins carbohydrates

Question 37

How are triglycerides used?

Answer 37

hydrolysed into fatty acids and glycerol fatty acids enter the krebs cycle by being converted into acetyl group glycerol is converted to pyruvate

Question 38

How are proteins used?

Answer 38

Hydrolysed into amino acids then are deaminated and are converted into pyruvate

Question 39

What is the equation for RQ?

Answer 39

CO2 produced/O2 produced lower the answer the better

Question 40

What is the RQ for carbohydrates?

Answer 40

1.0

Question 41

What is the RQ for lipids?

Answer 41

0.7

Question 42

What is the RQ for proteins?

Answer 42

0.9

Question 43

What are the sources of ATP during exercise?

Answer 43

Aerobic respiration (glucose in cells, glucose in processing food, glycogen in liver, fat reserves, proteins) Anaerobic respiration (glycogen reserves) Creatine Phosphate