hormone

Question 1

Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin

Answer 1

4. Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) is a hormone released by cells in the small intestine in response to the presence of food, particularly fats and proteins. It has two major functions:1-It stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas: CCK-PZ triggers the release of pancreatic enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and proteases, which help break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine.2-It stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder: CCK-PZ also causes the muscles in the wall of the gallbladder to contract, which releases bile into the small intestine. Bile is a fluid that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile is a mixture of mainly cholesterol, bilirubin and bile salts. It helps to emulsify fats, making them easier to digest and absorb.Overall, CCK-PZ plays a crucial role in the digestive process by coordinating the release of digestive enzymes and bile in response to the presence of food in the small intestine.

Question 2

Vasopressin

Answer 2

Vasopressin is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. It plays a key role in regulating water balance in the body by controlling the reabsorption of water by the kidneys.

In the absence of vasopressin, the kidneys are unable to reabsorb water from the urine, resulting in increased urine output and dehydration. This can lead to symptoms such as excessive thirst and dry mouth

Question 3

parotid salivary gland ( the submandibular gland and the sublingual gland)

Answer 3

The salivary gland that was most likely removed is the parotid gland, which is the largest of the three major pairs of salivary glands. The parotid gland produces a significant amount of amylase, which is an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates in food. The other two major salivary glands are the submandibular gland and the sublingual gland, which produce smaller amounts of amylase.

Removal of the parotid gland can lead to a decrease in the amount of amylase in the saliva, as seen in this patient. This can affect the initial stages of carbohydrate digestion in the mouth and may result in difficulty in swallowing or dry mouth.

Surgical removal of a salivary gland may be necessary in cases of tumors, stones, or infections that do not respond to other treatments. However, it is important to consider the potential risks and benefits of the procedure, including the possible impact on saliva production and the ability to digest food.