phisiologie Flashcards

Question

Який напій рекомендується для оптимальної компенсації втрати води при роботі в гарячих цехах підприємств?

Answer 1

Підсолену воду Slightly salted water Explanation: Workers in hot workshops of metallurgical enterprises are exposed to high temperatures and humidity, which results in a significant loss of water through sweating. To compensate for this loss and maintain hydration, it is recommended to drink water with a slight amount of salt. This helps to replenish “the electrolytes”lost through sweating and maintain proper hydration levels in the body. Carbonated water, milk, natural juices, and kvass may not be as effective in replenishing lost fluids and electrolytes.

Answer 2

refers to basal metabolic rate in Ukrainian.

Answer 3

The correct answer is triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which are thyroid hormones. These hormones play a key role in regulating metabolism, so a decrease in their plasma concentration can result in a reduced basal metabolic rate.

Answer 4

These are thyroid hormones that are produced and secreted by the thyroid gland. Their main function is to regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the body. They do this by increasing the basal metabolic rate, which affects how quickly the body burns calories and uses energy.

Answer 5

This hormone is produced and secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. However, it has the opposite effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and works to lower blood calcium levels. Calcitonin inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, cells that break down bone tissue, and promotes the deposition of calcium in the bones, thus decreasing the amount of calcium in the blood. - calcium homeostasis.

Answer 6

This hormone is produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands, which are located in the neck. Its main function is to regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the body. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts, which break down bone tissue and release calcium into the bloodstream. PTH also increases absorption of calcium in the intestines and decreases excretion of calcium in the kidneys.

Answer 7

These are a group of hormones that are produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex. They include cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone. Their primary function is to regulate the body's response to stress, by increasing blood sugar levels, suppressing the immune system, and reducing inflammation.

Answer 8

These are hormones that are produced and secreted by the adrenal medulla, which is located in the inner part of the adrenal gland. They include adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Their main function is to regulate the "fight or flight" response in the body, which prepares the body for physical activity or emergency situations.

Answer 9

These are hormones that are produced and secreted by the hypothalamus, a region of the brain, and the pancreas, respectively. Somatoliberin (also known as growth hormone-releasing hormone or GHRH) stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone, which regulates growth and metabolism in the body. Somatostatin (also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone or GHIH) inhibits the release of growth hormone.

Answer 10

Cerebellum -The cerebellum is a structure located at the base of the brain that is primarily responsible for coordinating movement, balance, posture and muscle tone . It receives information from sensory systems and the brain to coordinate movements and ensure they are smooth, coordinated, and appropriately directed. Damage to the cerebellum can result in problems with coordination, balance, and fine motor control, leading to the symptoms described in the text, including unsteady, sweeping movements and a drunken gait

Answer 11

Medulla oblongata

Answer 12

Spinal cord

Answer 13

Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a small, but important, region of the brain located just above the brain stem and below the thalamus. It plays a crucial role in regulating a wide range of physiological functions, including hunger and thirst, body temperature, sleep-wake cycles, and the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is sometimes referred to as the "control center" of the brain because it receives information from various parts of the body and coordinates the body's response to different stimuli. For example, when the hypothalamus detects a decrease in body temperature, it triggers mechanisms to increase heat production and conserve heat, such as shivering and vasoconstriction. The hypothalamus also plays a critical role in regulating the endocrine system. It produces several hormones that control the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which in turn regulates the release of hormones from other endocrine glands throughout the body. For example, the hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which then regulate the production of sex hormones by the gonads. In addition, the hypothalamus plays a role in regulating emotions and behaviors. It is involved in the reward circuitry of the brain, which is responsible for feelings of pleasure and motivation. It is also involved in the stress response, and can activate the sympathetic nervous system in response to a perceived threat. Overall, the hypothalamus is a key regulatory center in the brain that helps to maintain homeostasis and coordinate the body's response to different stimuli.

Answer 14

100% Калієві -Potassium channels Where ion channels, specifically potassium channels, were blocked in an excitable cell .This would prevent the normal movement of potassium ions out of the cell, leading to an accumulation of positive charge inside the cell and a gradual loss of the cell's resting potential

Answer 15

100% Натрієві The text notes that although the blockage of sodium channels did not significantly change the resting potential level of the cell, it did result in the loss of the cell's ability to generate action potentials. This means that the cell was no longer able to transmit signals in response to stimuli, even though it was still able to maintain a stable resting potential. For example, in neurons, the loss of the ability to generate action potentials could impair the transmission of signals between neurons, leading to neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness or paralysis. In muscle cells, the loss of excitability could impair muscle contraction, leading to muscle weakness or loss of muscle tone.

Answer 16

якщо вона не хоче змін маси тіла ? 100% 10 500 - 11 500 кДж/д якщо вона хоче збілшіти маси тіла? >12 000 кДж/д якщо вона хоче знижити маси тіла? <якщо вона не хоче змін маси тіла 10 000 кДж/д

Answer 17

Vitamin D is a prohormone that is converted in the liver and kidneys into an active hormone called calcitriol. Calcitriol acts on target tissues throughout the body, including the intestines, bones, and kidneys, to regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis.

Answer 18

calcitriol stimulates the synthesis of calcium-binding proteins that facilitate the absorption of calcium from the diet. It also upregulates the expression of phosphate transporters that promote the absorption of phosphates. By increasing the absorption of these minerals, calcitriol helps to maintain their levels in the bloodstream within a narrow range that is optimal for physiological function

Answer 19

calcitriol promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphates by osteoclasts, which are specialized cells that break down bone tissue to release these minerals into the bloodstream. This helps to maintain bone density and strength.

Answer 20

In the kidneys, calcitriol regulates the reabsorption of calcium and phosphates in the renal tubules. It also stimulates the production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and renin, an enzyme that regulates blood pressure.

Answer 21

Saliva: Saliva is produced by salivary glands in the mouth and contains enzymes called amylases that help to break down carbohydrates, particularly starches. Saliva also contains bicarbonate ions, which help to neutralize acids in the mouth and esophagus, and mucus, which lubricates food for easier swallowing.

Answer 22

Gastric juice: Gastric juice is produced by the stomach and contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes, including pepsin, that help to break down proteins. Gastric juice also contains mucus and bicarbonate ions, which help to protect the stomach lining from the corrosive effects of the acid

Answer 23

Pancreatic juice: Pancreatic juice is produced by the pancreas and contains enzymes that break down all three types of nutrients: proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. The enzymes in pancreatic juice include trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase for proteins; pancreatic lipase for fats; and pancreatic amylase for carbohydrates. Pancreatic juice also contains bicarbonate ions, which help to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach as it enters the small intestine.

Answer 24

Bile: Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder until needed. Bile is released into the small intestine to help emulsify (break down) fats into smaller droplets, which increases the surface area for enzymes to work on. Bile contains bile salts, cholesterol, and other substances.

Answer 25

Intestinal juice: Intestinal juice is produced by glands in the small intestine and contains enzymes that break down all three types of nutrients. The enzymes in intestinal juice include peptidases for proteins, lipases for fats, and various carbohydrases for carbohydrates. Intestinal juice also contains mucus and bicarbonate ions, which help to neutralize the acidic chyme and protect the intestinal lining.

Answer 26

Атріо-вентрикулярних клапанів - Atrioventricular valves The first heart sound (S1) is produced by the closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves, which are located between the atria and ventricles of the heart. S1 is normally a short sound that lasts approximately 0.12 to 0.20 seconds. If the duration of S1 is prolonged, as mentioned in the text, it suggests a problem with the closure of the AV valves. Therefore, the correct conclusion is that the state of the atrioventricular valves is disrupted in the subject.

Answer 27

Semilunar valves- Півмісяцевих клапанів (s2 sound of the heart) The semilunar valves are located between the ventricles and the main arteries leaving the heart (pulmonary artery and aorta), and their closure produces the second heart sound (S2)

Answer 28

The mitral valves are also known as the bicuspid valves and are located between the left atrium and left ventricle

Answer 29

When an electrical signal reaches a cardiomyocyte, it causes the cell to release calcium ions from a specialized storage area within the cell called the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The released calcium ions bind to specific proteins called troponin and tropomyosin, which initiates a series of chemical reactions that ultimately cause the cardiomyocyte to contract. The contraction of one cardiomyocyte triggers the contraction of adjacent cells, which leads to the coordinated contraction of the entire heart. Therefore, an increase in the amount of calcium ions available to the cardiomyocytes can cause an increase in the frequency and strength of heart contractions. This is because the presence of more calcium ions increases the probability that the cardiomyocytes will contract in response to an electrical signal, resulting in stronger and more frequent contractions

Answer 30

Aldosterone: This hormone is produced by the adrenal glands and is responsible for regulating salt and water balance in the body. It increases the reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys, which in turn increases the reabsorption of water and leads to an increase in blood volume and blood pressure Aldosterone is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that helps regulate electrolyte and fluid balance in the body. It acts primarily on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water while promoting the excretion of potassium. Therefore, decreased secretion of aldosterone can lead to hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels) and hyperkalemia (high blood potassium levels) due to increased excretion of sodium and decreased excretion of potassium

Answer 31

100% N. sympathicus

Answer 32

Heat conduction: Heat conduction is the transfer of heat through a medium, such as water or metal, by direct contact between the particles of the medium. Heat flows from a region of high temperature to a region of lower temperature, until the temperatures are equalized

Answer 33

Convection: Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid, such as air or water. When a fluid is heated, it expands and becomes less dense, and rises due to buoyancy, while cooler, denser fluid sinks. This creates a cycle of convection, which transfers heat from the hotter regions to the cooler regions of the fluid.

Answer 34

Radiative heat transfer: Radiative heat transfer is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, such as light or infrared radiation. Radiative heat transfer does not require a medium, and can occur through a vacuum. Objects that absorb and emit radiation are able to transfer heat through radiative heat transfer.

Answer 35

Evaporation of sweat: Evaporation is the process by which a liquid changes into a gas. When sweat evaporates from the skin, it takes away heat with it, cooling the body. However, evaporation of sweat is less effective in water because water molecules are already present in the environment, and therefore the process of evaporation is not as efficient as in air

Answer 36

Medulla Oblongata The medulla oblongata is responsible for controlling swallowing, as well as other vital functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. It contains the swallowing center, which coordinates the complex sequence of muscular contractions necessary for swallowing

Answer 37

a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function

Answer 38

a sudden flow of electric current through a material, such as a nerve cell membrane

Answer 39

the direction of electric current flow from a positive electrode (anode) to a negative electrode (cathode)

Answer 40

the minimum level of electric stimulus required to generate an action potential in a nerve cell

Answer 41

the difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of a cell membrane, which is maintained by ion channels and ion pumps

Answer 42

a shift in the membrane potential of a cell, in which the inside becomes less negative (or more positive) relative to the outside

Answer 43

a shift in the membrane potential of a cell, in which the inside becomes more negative (or less positive) relative to the outside

Answer 44

a rapid change in the membrane potential of a cell, which allows the transmission of electric signals between cells.

Answer 45

Сон — sleep

Answer 46

the basal metabolic rate

Answer 47

100% Відбуваються нормально

Answer 48

The respiratory quotient (RQ) is a ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed during cellular respiration. An RQ of 0.85 suggests that the body is utilizing a mixture of both fat and carbohydrates for energy production. Different fuels have different RQ values; for example, carbohydrates have an RQ of 1.0, while fats have an RQ of 0.7. proteins have RQ of about 0.9

Answer 49

це сполуки, які виробляються у печінці і випускаються в кишківник, де вони допомагають розщеплювати жири, збільшують їх поверхню для зручнішого всмоктування, та сприяють всмоктуванню жиророзчинних вітамінів. These are compounds produced in the liver and released into the intestine, where they help to break down fats, increase their surface area for easier absorption, and facilitate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Answer 50

це речовини, які утворюються при розкладі гемоглобіну в червоних кров'яних клітинах і надають жовтого кольору жовчі. These are substances formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells and give bile its yellow color.

Answer 51

це група ферментів, які розкладають жири на гліцерол та жирні кислоти для забезпечення їхнього всмоктування в кишківнику. This is a group of enzymes that break down fats into glycerol and fatty acids to facilitate their absorption in the intestines.

Answer 52

це електроліти, які відіграють важливу роль у регулюванні водно-сольового балансу тіла та передачі нервових імпульсів. These are electrolytes that play an important role in regulating the body's water and electrolyte balance and transmitting nerve impulses.

Answer 53

це вітаміни (A, D, E, К), які розчиняються у жирах та маслах і потребують жовчі для їхнього всмоктування в кишківнику. These are vitamins (A, D, E, K) that dissolve in fats and oils and require bile for their absorption in the intestines.

Answer 54

The reflex contraction of a stretched muscle is a protective mechanism to prevent damage caused by overstretching. The reflex arc involved in this response starts with the activation of muscle spindles, which are specialized sensory receptors located within the muscle fibers themselves. These muscle spindles are stimulated when the muscle is stretched, and they send afferent signals to the spinal cord, where they synapse with motor neurons that control the same muscle. The motor neurons then send efferent signals back to the muscle, causing it to contract and resist further stretching. This reflex arc is known as the stretch reflex, and it is an important part of maintaining posture and balance during movement.

Answer 55

Muscle spindles are specialized sensory receptors located within the belly of the muscle that detect changes in muscle length and initiate a reflex contraction of the muscle to prevent overstretching and potential injury.

Answer 56

before childbirth

Answer 57

швидкість осідання еритроцитів ESR, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Answer 58

100% Зменшення частоти скорочень In this experiment, the researchers stimulated the peripheral portion of the vagus nerve on the neck of an animal. The vagus nerve is a long nerve that connects the brain to various organs in the body, including the heart. When the peripheral portion of the vagus nerve is stimulated, it slows down the heart rate by reducing the rate of electrical impulses that travel from the brain to the heart. The observations of the experiment showed that there was a 100% decrease in the heart rate of the animal. This means that the heart rate was completely reduced due to the stimulation of the vagus nerve. However, there were no changes observed in the strength of the heart contractions or in the excitability and conduction of excitation through the myocardium (the heart muscle). Overall, this experiment provides valuable insights into the role of the vagus nerve in regulating the heart rate and suggests that stimulation of the peripheral portion of the vagus nerve can be a useful therapeutic approach in managing certain heart conditions.

Answer 59

100% Перетравлення жирів

Answer 60

Bile acids are an important component of bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Their main function is to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. When fat enters the small intestine, bile acids are released into the digestive tract. Bile acids help break down large fat molecules into smaller particles called micelles, which can be more easily absorbed by the intestine. In addition, bile acids also help solubilize fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K), making them available for absorption by the body. Bile acids also have other important physiological functions, such as regulating the secretion of hormones and enzymes involved in digestion, and eliminating waste products such as bilirubin and cholesterol from the body. In addition, bile acids act as signaling molecules that can activate various signaling pathways and receptors in the body, which can have effects on metabolism, inflammation, and other processes.

Answer 61

is a small gland located at the base of the brain. It is often referred to as the "master gland" because it secretes several hormones that regulate the functions of other endocrine glands in the body. The hypophysis is divided into two parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary produces and secretes several hormones, including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin. These hormones regulate various functions in the body, such as growth and development, metabolism, and reproduction. The posterior pituitary, on the other hand, stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Oxytocin is involved in the contraction of the uterus during childbirth and in the ejection of milk during breastfeeding. ADH, also known as vasopressin, regulates water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys. The hypophysis is controlled by the hypothalamus, which secretes hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. These hormones are transported to the hypophysis through a network of blood vessels called the hypophyseal portal system

Answer 62

Стовбур мозку truncus encephali The brainstem or Truncus encephali in Latin is a brain structure located between the medulla and the spinal cord

Answer 63

The brainstem plays a vital role in controlling many essential bodily functions, including breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. It also serves as a conduit for the sensory and motor information traveling between the brain and the rest of the body. The midbrain is responsible for processing visual and auditory information, while the pons helps to regulate breathing and sleep. The medulla oblongata controls many vital functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. It also contains nuclei that are involved in the regulation of reflexes, such as coughing, sneezing, and vomiting. Damage to the brainstem can have serious consequences, as it can affect the body's ability to regulate vital functions. For example, damage to the medulla oblongata can result in respiratory failure and loss of consciousness.

Answer 64

можна виявити у сечі -Білки- The presence of proteins in urine is an indication of kidney damage

Answer 65

Hypergammaglobulinemia, an increased level of immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the blood, is one possible cause of an elevated ESR

Answer 66

hyperalbuminemia (an increased level of albumin in the blood),

Answer 67

Albumin is a protein found in the blood that helps regulate the movement of water and other substances between the blood and the body tissues. It is produced by the liver and makes up a significant portion of the total protein content in the blood. Albumin plays a key role in maintaining normal blood volume and blood pressure, as well as transporting various molecules such as hormones, enzymes, and drugs. Low levels of albumin in the blood can indicate liver disease, malnutrition, or other medical conditions.

Answer 68

hypogammaglobulinemia (a decreased level of immunoglobulins),

Answer 69

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances called antigens. There are five classes of immunoglobulins, including IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. —IgG is the most abundant antibody in the blood and helps protect against bacterial and viral infections. —IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection and is effective against a wide range of pathogens. —IgA is found in mucous membranes and helps protect against infections in the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts. —IgD and IgE have more specialized functions, such as activating other immune cells and triggering allergic reactions, respectively.

Answer 70

100% Відсутність сурфактанту

Answer 71

Surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins that decreases surface tension in the alveoli of the lungs, allowing them to expand and fill with air. It is important for newborns because without it, the lungs may not expand even with free airways, which can lead to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), a life-threatening condition for premature babies. Surfactant deficiency may be due to premature birth or a genetic defect in the surfactant-producing cells.

Answer 72

100% Холецистокініну

Answer 73

The antinociceptive system is a network of neural pathways in the body that help to reduce pain sensation. When the body experiences physical stress or pain, this system is activated in response, leading to a release of endogenous opioids, which are natural painkillers produced by the body. These opioids bind to receptors in the central nervous system, which helps to decrease the perception of pain. Therefore, during physical exertion, the body activates the antinociceptive system, which leads to a decrease in pain sensation. This is why athletes or people who engage in regular physical activity may have a higher pain tolerance compared to those who are sedentary.

Answer 74

100% Ушкодження довгастого мозку

Answer 75

is a protein found in red blood cells that has a high affinity for oxygen. When oxygen is inhaled into the lungs, it binds to the heme portion of hemoglobin in red blood cells. This binding creates a complex called oxyhemoglobin, which is able to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues in the body.

Answer 76

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that is released by nerve cells to transmit signals to other cells in the body, such as muscle cells. In the case of muscle function, acetylcholine is released by nerve cells at the neuromuscular junction, where it binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane, triggering the contraction of the muscle fiber.

Answer 77

100% Жири The text states that the absorption of sodium ions from the intestinal lumen into the blood is reduced, and it asks which substance's absorption will remain unchanged under these conditions. The correct answer is fats. The absorption of sodium ions is an active process that requires energy and specific transporters. If this process is impaired, it can lead to a variety of disorders, such as hyponatremia (low blood sodium) or diarrhea. However, the absorption of fats is not dependent on the same transport mechanisms as sodium ions, and therefore will remain unchanged even if the absorption of sodium ions is impaired. Fats are absorbed in the small intestine via a different mechanism that involves bile acids and lipases. Bile acids emulsify fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets and making them more accessible to digestive enzymes. The lipases then break down these droplets into fatty acids and monoglycerides, which are absorbed by the intestinal cells and reassembled into triglycerides. The triglycerides are then packaged into chylomicrons and transported via the lymphatic system to the bloodstream. In contrast, the absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, water, and chloride ions involves different transport mechanisms that are dependent on sodium transporters. Therefore, their absorption will be affected if the absorption of sodium ions is reduced.

Answer 78

+Рецепція медіаторів у нервово-м’язовому синапс The neuromuscular synapse is the junction between a nerve ending and a muscle fiber. It is responsible for transmitting the signal from the nerve to the muscle, causing it to contract. When the nerve impulse reaches the nerve ending, it releases a chemical mediator called acetylcholine, which binds to receptors on the muscle fiber's cellular membrane, triggering the muscle contraction. Curare-like substances bind to these receptors on the muscle fiber's cellular membrane, preventing acetylcholine from binding to them. As a result, the muscle cannot contract in response to nerve stimulation. This interference with the receptor function disrupts the normal neuromuscular transmission, leading to paralysis. Therefore, the function of the cellular membrane that is disrupted by curare-like substances is the reception of mediators at the neuromuscular synapse.

Answer 79

100% Перерозподільчий лейкоцитоз

Answer 80

Alpha rhythm is a type of brain wave that occurs when a person is awake but relaxed and has their eyes closed. It has a frequency of 8-12 Hz

Answer 81

Beta rhythm, on the other hand, is a faster brain wave that occurs when a person is awake and alert, with a frequency of 12-30 Hz.

Answer 82

Pancreatic juice: This digestive juice is produced by the pancreas and has a pH of around 7.1-8.2. It contains enzymes such as lipase, amylase, and proteases that break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in the small intestine.

Answer 83

Bile: Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Its pH ranges from 7.6 to 8.6. Bile helps to emulsify fats and aids in their digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

Answer 84

Intestinal juice: Intestinal juice is secreted by the small intestine and has a pH of around 7.4-8.3. It contains various enzymes, such as peptidases and sucrase, that break down peptides and sugars, as well as bicarbonate ions that neutralize

Answer 85

Saliva: Saliva is produced by the salivary glands and has a pH of around 6.2-7.6. It contains enzymes such as amylase that begin the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth. Saliva also helps to moisten and lubricate food for easier swallowing.

Answer 86

Gastric juice is the digestive juice secreted by the stomach, which contains hydrochloric acid (HCl) and various enzymes, such as pepsin, that break down food proteins. The pH of gastric juice typically ranges from 1.5 to 3.5, with an average value of 2.0. The low pH helps to kill harmful microorganisms that may be present in the food and also activates the digestive enzymes in the stomach

Answer 87

100% Мозочок

Answer 88

tip of the tongue

Answer 89

The removal of the parathyroid glands can result in a condition known as hypoparathyroidism, where the levels of calcium in the blood decrease and the levels of phosphorus increase. This can cause symptoms such as muscle cramps, tremors, seizures, and convulsions. In severe cases, hypoparathyroidism can be life-threatening.

Answer 90

This reflex involves pressure on the eyeballs(очні яблука) stimulating the vagus nerve, which can cause a reflex decrease in heart rate. It is sometimes used as a diagnostic test for certain neurological conditions

Answer 91

Goltz's reflex: This reflex is a withdrawal reflex in response to a painful stimulus, such as touching a hot surface. It involves the activation of sensory neurons that synapse with motor neurons, causing a rapid and involuntary muscle contraction.

Answer 92

Bainbridge reflex: This reflex is a cardiovascular reflex that occurs in response to changes in blood volume. It involves the detection of increased blood volume by stretch receptors in the right atrium, which stimulate an increase in heart rate and cardiac output.

Answer 93

Hering's reflex: This reflex involves changes in heart rate and blood pressure in response to changes in body position, such as standing up from a seated position. It involves the activation of baroreceptors, which detect changes in blood pressure, and can cause either an increase or decrease in heart rate depending on the circumstances.

Answer 94

Bernard's reflex: This reflex involves changes in respiratory rate and depth in response to changes in blood pH or oxygen levels. It involves the detection of changes in pH or oxygen levels by chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries and brainstem, which can stimulate changes in breathing patterns to compensate.

Answer 95

100% III-IV поперекові сегменти.

Answer 96

Лізоцим

Answer 97

Lysozyme is an enzyme found in saliva that has antibacterial properties and helps to protect against tooth decay. It breaks down the cell walls of certain bacteria, preventing them from causing damage to the teeth. If the content of lysozyme in saliva is insufficient, the protective effect against bacterial growth is weakened, increasing the risk of developing caries.

Answer 98

Alpha-amylase: This is an enzyme that is produced by the salivary glands and helps to break down starch into simple sugars such as glucose and maltose. This is an important process for digestion, as it helps to begin the breakdown of carbohydrates in food

Answer 99

Maltase: This is another enzyme that is produced by the salivary glands and helps to break down maltose into glucose. Like alpha-amylase, this is an important process for the digestion of carbohydrates.

Answer 100

Mucin: This is a glycoprotein that is produced by the salivary glands and helps to provide lubrication to the mouth and throat. It also helps to protect the lining of the mouth and throat from damage.

Answer 101

Sodium chloride: This is a mineral that is found in saliva and helps to maintain the osmotic balance of the mouth. It also helps to prevent the growth of bacteria in the mouth by creating a slightly acidic environment.

Answer 102

Pneumotachometry is a method of measuring airflow in the lungs using a device called a pneumotachometer. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis. Pneumotachometry can provide accurate information about the patency of the airways by measuring the flow of air during inhalation and exhalation. пневмографія ,спірометрія ,спірографія ,спірометаболографія Pneumography, spirometry, spirography, spirometabolography are also methods of measuring lung function, but they are less specific than pneumotachometry and may not be able to accurately determine the patency of the airways in young patients.

Answer 103

Підвищення гідростатичного тиску крові у венах This is a possible cause of the leg swelling in a 49-year-old woman after prolonged standing. When a person stands for a long time, the hydrostatic pressure in the veins of the legs increases, which can lead to fluid accumulation in the surrounding tissues and cause swelling. This condition is also known as dependent edema. Other potential causes of leg swelling include heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, and certain medications, so a proper medical evaluation is needed to determine the underlying cause

phisiologie Flashcards

(127 cards)