Hormones Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
What are hormones?
A
chemical messengers in the blood, secreted by endocrine organs
2
Q
hormones are tightly regulated - this means that
A
small imbalances can cause abnormalities
3
Q
John Hunter: 1728 - 1793
A
when roosters are castrated the comb collapses - he put testes back into the body, and the comb became erect again
4
Q
Arnold Berthold: 1849
A
- reproduced hunter’s experiment in a more ‘scientific’ way
- took a fully severed testicle and put it back into the body cavity
- rooster showed normal sexual behaviour and comb development
- thought: maybe testes release something into the blood
5
Q
Thomas Addison: 1855
A
noticed how people who had atrophied adrenal glands also had poor appetites and low blood pressure, weakness, anemia, and bronzed skin
6
Q
Dolanski: 1849
A
- asked: How do organs know that food had been ingested and to therefore release digestive juices?
7
Q
Dolanski’s hypothesis
A
maybe the level of acidity increased after eating food - this increase would cause a message to be sent to the pancreas and the liver
8
Q
Dolanski’s experiment
A
injected acid into the rectum of the dog - thought it would be absorbed into the blood stream
9
Q
Dolanski’s results
A
no flow of digestive juices
10
Q
Charles Brown - Sequard: 1889
A
- self injected with macerated dog testicles to try and feel young again and apparently it worked
11
Q
Charles brown repeated his experiment with…
A
monkey gland extracts
12
Q
Brown introduced
A
“hormone therapy”
13
Q
Napolean Cybulski: 1895
A
- obtained adrenal gland extract (including adrenalin)
- injected it to people to increase their blood pressure
14
Q
Serge Voronff
A
- human testicle extract would be better
- took the testes of executed criminals and proved that it helps older men feel youthful
15
Q
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle mocked all of these guys and wrote the book
A
“the adventure of the creeping man”
16
Q
John Romulus Brinkley capitalized whose idea?
A
Sequard’s idea
17
Q
Brinkley grew a farm of …
A
horny goats
18
Q
he carried out ____ procedures in which he implanted the goat testes into humans
A
over 1,700
19
Q
In 1895 it was discovered that ____ _____ could be injected to raise blood pressure
A
adrenalin extract
20
Q
Ernest Starling - 1902
A
had the same question as dolanski
21
Q
Starling’s hypothesis
A
maybe the message is relesased by the duodenum
22
Q
Starling’s experiment
A
- fed food to a dog
- removed a small piece of the duodenum
- macerated the duodenum
- injected it into another dog’s blood
23
Q
Starling’s results
A
digestive juices were immediately released
24
Q
The substance that is released by the duodenum after eating food is…
A
secretin
25
Pituitary gland is the
master endocrine gland
26
pituitary gland recieves input from the ...
hypothalamus and other systems
27
pituitary gland secretes how much per day of hormones?
1 ug/day
28
where is the pituitary gland located?
in the brain below the hypothalamus
29
the pituitary gland is known as the
conductor of hormonal orchestra
30
prolactin
tells breasts to produce milk after giving birth
31
somatotripon
growth hormone
32
adrenocoritoctropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates adrenals
33
follice stimulating hormone (FSH)
gonads
34
thyrotropin stimulating hormone
thyroid
35
excess amount of Somatrotripon
usually caused by a tumour
36
Daniel Redman experiment
injected human growth homrone into elderly men
37
Redman results
- increase in muscle and other lean tissue
- decrease in fatty tissue
- increase n skin thickness
- increase in the average denstiy of lower-back verebrate
38
Redman's experiment acused
- increase in blood pressure
- plasma glucose increase
- carpal tunnel syndrome
- breast enlargment
39
Where there measurable improvements in muscle function or physical performance
NO
40
where was an improvement in muscle-fat distribution?
YES
41
do we have a hGH (human growth hormone)
nope.
42
what time of hormone is the hGH
protein hormone
43
Secretagogue is a
mixture of acids
44
how does the secretagogue work?
causes the body to secrete more hGH
45
analogy for secretagogue
taking a truckload of windows and doors and seeing if they'll assemble and make themselves into a building
46
gigantism is due to the overproduction of..
growth hormone
47
Bovine somatotropin is also known as
bovine growth hormone (bgh)
48
which land is bgh secreted by?
pituitary
49
bgh can increase milk yield by ...
20%
50
porcin somatotropin is..
the same thing but for pigs
51
Thyroid gland controls the
metabolism
52
your metabolism is the ...
sum of all the chemical reactions going on in the body all the time (SO MANY)
53
the thyroid gland secretes hormones that control ...
the rate of chemical reactions
54
Hypothyroidism is when the thyoid gland is...
underactive
55
where is the thyroid gland located?
in the neck
56
results of hypothyroidism
- sluggishness
- slow heart rate
- tendency to obseity
- cold skin
57
what does the thyroid gland try and do?
increase the production of hormones
58
why is it sluggish?
lack of iodine in the diet
59
Cretinism
both physically and mentally impaired
60
cretinism is due to a...
lack of iodine in the mother during pregancy
61
hyperthyroidism is the
overproduction of thyroid hormones
62
hyperthyroidism causes
- thyroid tumour
- excess iodine
- anxiety
- nervoussness
- rapid pulse
- fatiuge
- weight loss
- GRAVES diseaese
63
Graves disease
- petruding eyes
- anxiety
- nervousness
- rapid pulse
- fatiuge
- rapid weight loss
64
Treatment of Graves disease
- methimazole: blocks thyroid hormone formation
65
Treatment of Graves disease
radioactive iodine: I131 destroys small part of thyroid
66
Treatment of Graves disease
surgery
67
Treatment of Graves disease
replacement therapy with synthroid - contains thyroid hormone - if thyroid hormone decreases too much
68
Parathyroid gland
4 glands embedded in the thyroid gland - releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)
69
together with the _____ they regulate the calcium and phosphorous metabolism
thyroid
70
our bones are...
dynamic not static
71
what is the main component of bone from our food?
calcium
72
the calcium goes into the ...
intenstine --> plasma --> plasma calcium circulates
73
what vitamin is needed before plasma calcium can be absorbed?
vitamin D
74
calcitonin sends the message to...
take calcium circulating in the plasma and build structures with it/build the bones
75
what makes the adrenals?
ACTH
76
corticosteroids protect the body from ..
infection, excretion, and allergic reactions
77
the outer layer of the adrenal gland is called the
cortex
78
what does the cortex secrete?
- corticosteroids
| - aldosterone, glucocorticoids androgens
79
the inner layer of the adrenal gland is the
medulla
80
medulla excretes
adrenalin
81
how does the adrenal gland absorb more oxygen?
it dilates the bronchial tubes
82
what does the medulla secrete?
catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
83
the medulla increases or decreases the blood pressure?
increases
84
Addison's diseases
- weakness
- loss of appetite
- nausea
- vomiting
- HYPER PIGMENTATION
85
which president had addison's disease?
president kennedy
86
Treatment for addison's disease
hyrdrocortisone
87
Hydrocortisone is a medical preparation of
cortisol
88
what is hydrocortisone used for?
- eczema
- infections
- immunosuppressant
- asthma
- inflammation
89
corticosteroids treats
- asthma
- allergies
- rheumatoid arthritis
- lupus
- crohn's disease
90
what is crohn's disease
infection of the intestine
91
Harvey Cushing: 1869-1939
- if you over produce adrenal gland hormones = problems
92
Cushing's disease happens to those who are treated with
CORTICOSTERODIS
93
Cushing's syndrome symptoms
- moon face
- buffalo hump
- weak bones and muscles
- easily bruised skin
- peptic ulcer
- diabetes
- high blood pressure
94
whats the main job of the pancreas
secrete insulin - glucose uptake into cells
95
where is the pancreas located?
next to the liver
96
from what animal was the first type of insulin sold from?
pigs
97
type I diabetes treatment
injecting insulin
98
what does the glucophage do?
stimulates the pancreas to produce more insulin
99
type ii diabetes is often linked to
obesity
100
metformin
decreases glucose production from liver and increases insulin sensitivity
101
gonads release
sex hormones
102
testosterone is releated to
- hair growth
- sex drive
- perversion? sexual castration with androgen blockers
103
androcur is also known as
cyproterone acetate
104
what does androcur do?
decreases testerone action and therefore decreases sex drive
105
androcur increases risk of which cancer?
prostate
106
which drugs block the testosterone
- cipa-cyproterone acetate 50
| - proscar: blocks the conversion of testoerone to dihydro testoerone
107
anabolic steroids
steroids that build muscle
108
testoerone is an anabolic steroid because it..
controls male musculature
109
how do anabolic steroids increase mass?
using testoerone or testoerone analogs
110
what are some side effects to using steroids?
- acne
- excess hair growth
- aggression
- liver disease
- depression
- reduction of "good cholesterol"
- testiculat atrophy
- breast development
111
progesterone is the
increase and decrease during menstral cycle except if you're pregnant - then it will stay hi
112
progesterone makes the utuers
suitable for implantation of zygote
113
how does norlutin work?
fits into and activates progesterone receptor
114
how does progesterone affect behaviour?
- depression
- sudden mood swings
- hositility and anger
- nervous tension
- cravings for sweets
- water retenation
- weight gain
- headaches
- joint pain
115
treatment for PMS
2mg of magnesium/day
| - vitamine b6
116
how does the body know its pregnant?
hormmones
117
which gland tells the ovaries to release an egg?
putarity
118
___blocks the message to release an egg
progesterone
119
"The pill"
increases body levels of progestin to trick the pitutiary gland
120
the pil is an
outside source of progesterone to prevent pregnancy
121
the morning after pill
Ru486
122
Russell Marker knew that
some plants produced compounds similiar to steroids
123
which hormone is very similiar to progesterone
diosgenin
124
is progesterone a steroid?
yes because of the presence of the 4 rings in a certain orientation
125
estrogen can help with
osteoporosis - weakening of the bones
126
first use of estrogen therapy was from
horse urine
127
permarin
estrogen extract from pregnant mare's urine
128
problems with estrogen therapy
30% increase in breast cancer
