Mental Illness Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
How many people are affected by mental illness?
A
1 in 4 people
2
Q
Major Mental Illness
A
Schizophrenia
3
Q
Major Mental Illness
A
Depression
4
Q
Major Mental Illness
A
Mania
5
Q
Major Mental Illness
A
Anxiety
6
Q
Major Mental Illness
A
OCD
7
Q
What causes Mental Illness?
A
There are many theorie…
- demons
- middle ages: brain was clogged up with stones and they tried to do surgery to get these stones out
- Ancient romans thought it was caused by the moon (hence, lunatic)!
8
Q
Treatments for Mental Illness
A
Trepanation
9
Q
Trepanation
A
Drilling holes in the skull to release the demons
10
Q
Amanada Feilding
A
said that we can reach a “higher level of consciousness” by drilling a hole in our skull
- argument: we have evolved and become bipedal - so our blood pressure wasn’t good enough –> mental illness
- if we make a hole in our skull, not as much pressure is needed to get the blood to our brain
- she even ran for parliament twice with a platform that trepanation should be covered under the national health plan
11
Q
Peter Halvorson
A
“hole in the head” advocator
- he even drilled a hole in his head
12
Q
Trepanation
A
thought to be possessed by the devil so victims were heated up to try and dry out the devil
- witches being burned at the stake
- they were chained
- constant water on their head
13
Q
Sigmund Freud
A
1st person to look at mental illness “scientifically”
14
Q
Freud believed that mental illness was caused by…
A
“a struggle between the conscious and subconscious mind” (and nothing to do with the spirits)
15
Q
Luigi Galvani (1780) noticed…
A
“animal Electricity”
16
Q
Frog leg experiment
A
- dissection of frogs
- could make a frog leg vibrate with electromagnetic spark
- took some frog’s legs and held them outside on a wire to get lightning to strike
- when the legs were stroke with lightning they moved!
- but he thought electricity came from animal’s muscle
17
Q
Animal electricity
A
stored electricity that would be released when in contact with a metal = battery!
18
Q
Who rejected the idea of “animal electricity”
A
Alessandro Volta
19
Q
Volta thought that electricity came from
A
the contact of muscle to the metal post
20
Q
Volta built the first
A
BATTERY! from layers of metal and salt soaked paper
21
Q
By the early 1900s it was clear that the human nervous system functioned through …
A
electrical impluses
22
Q
How does the electrical signal transform into physical action?
A
OTTO LOEWI - 1920
23
Q
Otto took a heart from a …
A
frog and attached some electrodes to it to send a current and a get the heart beating
24
Q
What did he drip over the heart as he did this…
A
an AQUEOUS SOLUTION
25
He took that solution and put it over another heart and guess what happened?
THE HEART BEAT!
26
OTTO DISCOVERED...
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
27
Neurotransmitters are...
chemicals that are released by nerve cells to trigger action somewhere else
28
Acetylcholine
caused the heart to slow down
29
what causes heart to speed up?
Epinephrine aka adrenalin
30
what squeezes norepineprhine and dopamine out of vesciles?
Amphetamines
31
what prevents the reuptake of neurotransmitters
Tricyclics - antidepressants
32
MAO inhibitors prevent the breakdown of ...
neurotransmitters
33
Neuroleptics block receptors for
dopamine
34
Neurons
nerve cells that are involved in relaying info to an from the brain
35
which neurons recieve a signal/
dendrites
36
Axon...
transmits signals to dendrites on the next nerve cell
37
the synapse is the space between the
axon of one cell and dendrites of the next cell
38
Neurons release chemicals which cause ...
neurotransmitters which modulate brain function and have an important role in mental illness
39
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the
synapses
40
GABA
Gamma aminobutryic acid = common neurotransmitter
41
Schizophrenia
- loss of contact with relatiy
- visual and auditory hallucinations
- delusions of persecution
42
Henri Laborit - 1952
noticed that many pateints would have heart attacks right before surgery
43
Laborit thought that the anxiety could be treated with
anti-histamines
44
Laborit used...
Promethazine / phenegran
45
a similar drug to promethazine =
chlorpromazine
46
Chlorpromazine
- calmin effects
| - first effective drug against schizophrenia
47
Side effect to chlorpromazine =
parkinson - like symptoms
- tremors
- dry mouth
48
Nathan kline was a
psychiatrist
49
Kline experiemented with ...
reserpine from the Snakeroot plant for treat schizoprenia
50
reserpine caused ....
dopamine to leak out of vesicles - reducing its levels
51
Resperine also helps with
parkinson-like symptoms
52
Other common treatments for schizophrenia
perphenazine = cholopromazine
53
Other common treatments for schizophrenia
Haldol / haloperidol
54
Other common treatments for schizophrenia
Clozapine / Clozaril
55
Other common treatments for schizophrenia
Risperidone / Risperdal
56
Other common treatments for schizophrenia
Olanzapine/ Zyprex
57
What percent of schizoprenics acieve remission w/ appropriate medications?
25%
58
Depression
Feeling
- hoplessness
- pessimism
- uselessness
FOR NO REAL REASON
59
Antidepressants
Tricylics
60
Tricyclis resulted from a search for an "improved" version of ...
chlorpromazine to treat schizophrenia
61
was tricyclics effective for schizophrenia?
no... but it elevated mood
62
tricyclis is a ___ ringed strucutre
3
63
Imipramine (tofranil) blocks...
reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
64
Deprex aka amitriptyline
Elavil
65
Anafranil
clomipramine
66
Side effect of tricyclics
- anticholinergic: dry mouth, blurred vision
| - antiadrenergic: irregular heart beat
67
How do you increase serotonin and norepinephrine in synapse without the side effects of the tricyclics?
PROZAC
68
Prozac is a ...
SSRI aka selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
69
how does prozac work?
- released and fits into the receptors of the receiving brain cell
- if serotoning levels drop --> deperession
- once serotonin has done its job, it goes back into the synapse and is picked up by the transmitting cell
- prozac blocks the reuptake to keep the serotonin levels in the synapse up --> antidepressant
- to send a message to the brain, a cell releases serotonin
- seotonin locks onto the receptros of neighbouring brain cell
- serotonin triggers process that relay the message to the enxt brain cell
- normally serotonin is reabsorbed into the transmitting brain cell
- prozac and similar drugs block reabsorption to keep more serotonin available for use
70
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
reduce the side effects as they don't affect other neurotransmitters - no cross reactivity
71
Is prozac a SSRI?
HECK YA! it's the most commonly prescribed antidepressant
72
Side effects of SSRIs
- Nausea
- Anxiety
- Sleep Disturbances
- Sexual Dysfunction
- Possibly an increased suicide rate (especially in children)
73
Setraline
zoloft
74
fluovoxamine
luvox
75
maprotiline
ludiomil
76
paroxetine
paxil
77
trazodone
desyrel
78
citalopram
celexa
79
Joseph Wesbecker
went on a muderous spree and people think this happened because he tok prozac
80
Is there a correlation with prozac and committing suicide?
those who took prozac - especially teenagers - had a higher risk of committing suicide
- those who are depressed have a higher risk of committing suicide to begin with
- in controlled trials there was no difference in the frequency of suicidal thoughts in subjects taking prozac, a tricylic or a placebo
81
scientology is ____ any kind of drug used to treat mental probelms
against
82
which famous actor believes in scientology
tom cruise
83
What else does prozac help with?
OCD: OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
84
what percent of the population is affected by OCD
2%
85
OCD is an .../ obession
unwanted, unreasonable and intrusive thought
86
about ___% of first degree relatives of people with OCD have the disease
20%
87
Around 20% of OCD patients also have
Ticks
88
%0% of patients with ____ have OCD
tourette's syndrome
89
Trigotylomania is an example of OCD
its the pulling and twisting of hair, to the point where it is pulled out
90
Gourmand syndrome is the obsession with
Food!
91
Compulsions
rituals performed to gain relief from obsessive thoughts
92
Howard hughes designed the largest
airplane ever called the spruce goose
93
Hughes was extremely scared of
contamination
94
is OCD due to some rooted emotional conflict?
No.
95
OCD is due to some
imbalance in the brain
96
What is known to trigger OCD?
injury to the head, epileptic seizures and storkes
97
The OCD logo is the
panda bear
98
another possible cause for OCD
streptococcus
99
OCD treatment
Drug therapy
100
Anafranil
given for depression but can also improve OCD sumptoms
101
how does anafranil work?
it increases serotonin levels
102
Side effects of anafranil
- diziness
- sedation
- dry mouth
- weight gain
- sexual dysnfunciton
103
OCD treatment - Drug
SSRIs
104
what percentage of people respond to SSRIs with an improvement in symptoms?
40-60%
105
how many weeks of taking this drug is required until improvement?
10-12 weeks
106
__% of people relapse if drugs are stopped
90
107
Fuloxetine
Prozac
108
Fluvoxaimne
Luvox
109
Setraline
zoloft
110
Paroxetine
Paxil
111
Common side effects of SSRIs
- Anxiety
- decreased libido
- sexual dysnfunction
- diarhhea
- sedation
- headache
- insomnia
- dizziness
- nausea
112
Best chance of success for OCD?
behaviour therapy
113
Two types of behaviour therapy
- Confrontation therapy
| - transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (mental imbalance_
114
MAO inhibitors (OCD)
those suffering from tuberculosis - in the 1950s they were given an iproniazid drug and therapists noticed patients became more cheery
115
Nathan kilned tried to ipronozaid on his pateints but...
some patients developed hihg blood pressure and some even got strokes
116
what food are you NOT suppose to eat if you're taking MAO inhibitors?
aged cheese!
117
MAO regulates
- noepinephrine
- dopamine
- serotonin
118
Some foods containing _____ cause hypertension
tyramine
119
MAO gets rid of ...
tyramine
120
so if we take MAO inhibitors then we are left with
high levels of tyramine
121
What other foods should MAO inhibitor takers stay away from
- beer
- wine
- chocolate
- chicken liver
- herring
- aged cheese
- ertain drugs like Demerol and decongestants
122
Manic Depressive Disease - Bipolar Disease
fluctuating between being extremely happy and extremely depressed
123
John cade
japanese war camp prisoner
124
Cade noticed many who suffered from bipolar disease and thought...
"maybe mental illness is caused by some toxin that enters the brain and is therefore excreted in the urine"
125
Cade injected urine from mentally ill patients into
guinea pigs
126
The urine from the patients...
killed the guinea pigs more quickly
127
He neutralizied uric acid and made...
LITHIUM CARBONATE
128
Cade injected this in guinea pigs and resulted in
a calming effect
129
Lithium treatment works by interferring with the
inositol synthesis
130
side effect of lithium treatment
trembling hands and nausea
131
Anxiety
characterized by unprovoked anxiety, or anxiety that is disproportionate to the situation
132
Treatments for anxiety
barbiturates - first drug to treat anxiety
133
Frank berger
tested drugs for antibiotic activity and made MEPHENESIN
134
Mephenesin
looked like it had antibacterial properties - muscle relaxant
135
Meprobamate
Miltown
136
Barbiturates are effective but
addictive
137
Librium
increases activity of GABA
138
what is GABA?
inhibitory - it slows down info transmission in the brain
139
Valium can put you
asleep
140
Valium is also an effective
anti-anxiety drug
141
Valium aka
Xanax
142
Valium aka
Ativan
143
Side effects of ativan
colourful dreams
