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Neuroscience > Hormones and Our Brain > Flashcards

Hormones and Our Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine feedback loop also known as?

A

Negative feedback loop

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2
Q

Where does the negative feedback loop start

A

Hypothalamus 

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3
Q

neural and hormonal communications what?

A

differ

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4
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

From pituitary that affect other endocrine glands

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5
Q

characteristics of hormonal communications

A
  • act in gradual fashion
  • have pulsatile secretion-in bursts
  • some controlled by circadian clocks (release when you sleep)
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6
Q

What does releasing hormones from the hypothalamus do

A

Control pituitary release of tropic hormones

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7
Q

What are examples of some tropic hormones?

A

prolactin, gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone, ACTH, and growth hormone

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8
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

beneath the hypothalamus

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9
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A

Raises blood pressure and inhibits urine formation

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10
Q

What does oxytocin do

A

Maternal behavior/bonding

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11
Q

What happens if you take a lot of thyroid pills?

A

TSH(thyroid, stimulating hormone )is low

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12
Q

what is the endocrine cycle?

A

hypothalmus–> anterior pituitary–>thyroid gland —-> target cells

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13
Q

TSH->

A

Thyroid hormone 

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14
Q

what hormone gets released between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH)

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15
Q

ACTH->

A

Cortisol

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16
Q

what hormone gets released between the anterior pituitary and thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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17
Q

How do hypothalamic neuron synthesize?

A

Releasing hormones

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18
Q

what hormone gets released between the thyroid gland and target cells?

A

thyroid hormones

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19
Q

What does a thyroid hormone need in the diet?

A

Iodine

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20
Q

What does early thyroid deficiency cause?

A

Cretinism(mental retardation)

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21
Q

What is a goiter?

A

Swelling of the thyroid gland from iodine deficiency

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22
Q

Why does the throat swell if there is a thyroid deficiency

A

Negative feedback

23
Q

Endocrine pathology mimics what

A

Psychiatric disorders

24
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

Results from long-term excess glucocorticoid with fatigue, depression, and psychosis

25
Q

What are the seven level that determine sex

A

Chromosomes, gonads, internal organs, external organs, brain, gender identity, and gender preference

26
Q

Why do we have sex?

A

Reproduction, DNA shuffling, it’s fun

27
Q

after the hypothalamic neurons synthesize, releasing hormones are secreted where?

A

into local blood vessels

28
Q

How is sex like hunger and thirst?

A

Involves arousal in satiation, hormonal control, it is controlled by specific areas of the brain

29
Q

Where do releasing hormones float to?

A

anterior pituitary, which release hormones to body

30
Q

How is sex, unlike hunger and thirst?

A

Individuals don’t require sex for survival(species do)

31
Q

What is estrus ?

A

When a female is sexually receptive

32
Q

What happens when estrogen rises before ovulation

A

Promotes non-human sexual behavior

33
Q

if a female is sexually receptive she is in what?

A

estrus

34
Q

What does an increase of dopamine do in the context of neurotransmitters and sex

A

Increase sexual activity in humans and produce erection in men

35
Q

What is sex determination

A

Whether embryo will be male or female

36
Q

What does SRY gene determine

A

The development of testes.

37
Q

Without the SRY, what happens

A

ovaries form

38
Q

What does testosterone do for the human brain?

A

Main organizing hormone of human brain

39
Q

The organizing effects of testosterone mainly occurs when?

A

prenatally or shortly after birth

40
Q

the activating effects of testosterone mainly occur when?

A

any time in life

41
Q

what part of the brain is larger in women?

A

corpus callosum

42
Q

the size of the corpus callosum correlates to what in women

A

cognitive skills

43
Q

an asymmetrical brain correlates what?

A

prenatal brain

44
Q

What are some physical differences between the male and female brain?

A

males have greater symmetry and the right hemisphere is thicker in men than in women

45
Q

Where do women have more neurons in?

A

dorsolateral cortex(think before you act) and superior temporal gyrus (talking/listening)

46
Q

what is dorsolateral cortex

A

think before you act

47
Q

superior temporal gyrus

A

talking/listening

48
Q

how are men better connected?

A

front-to back

49
Q

how does front to back connection work?

A

don’t think just do-instant reaction

50
Q

what about the brain is bigger in men?

A

right hemisphere

51
Q

how are women better connected?

A

left-to-right

52
Q

how does left to right connection work?

A

overthinking, slower reaction

53
Q

what is impaired by spatial ability?

A

estrogen

54
Q

high estrogen is associated with what?

A
  • depressed spatial ability
  • enhanced speech and manual skill tasks

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