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Neuroscience > neurophysiology > Flashcards

neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is diffusion?

A

ions flowing from high concentration to low concentration, a long concentration gradient.

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2
Q

What is electrostatic pressure?

A

negatively charged ions repel, oppositely, charged ions attract.

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3
Q

Semi permeable membrane explanation.

A

Screen door keeps mosquitoes out but let’s air get through.

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4
Q

What are neurons just like?

A

Batteries – the store charge to use when needed.

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5
Q

What if there is no charge in a neuron?

A

It’s dead.

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6
Q

What charge is it outside axon?

A

Positive

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7
Q

What charge is the inside axon?

A

Negative

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8
Q

What is voltage?

A

Difference in potential

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9
Q

Cell membrane is a what?

A

Lipid bilayer.

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10
Q

What are the ion channels?

A

Protein spinning the membrane so ions can pass in and out

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11
Q

What is important about the ion channels?

A

It doesn’t open to everybody.

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12
Q

What are the gated channels?

A

Open/close in response to voltage changes, chemicals(drugs) and mechanical actions

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13
Q

What can pass through the ion channels?

A

Sodium potassium chloride and calcium.

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14
Q

Why can’t proteins leave the cell?

A

They are too fat and the membraned are too small– proteins are negatively charged

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15
Q

What does the neuronal cell membrane do to water?

A

Repels water, so membranes need ion channels

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16
Q

Since ions are surrounded by water, what must they do?

A

They can enter a cell only through a channel

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17
Q

Why does potassium enter the cell?

A

Attracted to the negatively charged proteins.

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18
Q

What can move in and out of the cell freely?

A

Potassium

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19
Q

What happens if there is proteins in the bloodstream?

A

the cell is damaged

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20
Q

When does potassium reach equilibrium?

A

When ion movement out is balanced by ion movement in.

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21
Q

What happens when there’s too much potassium in the cell?

A

Other potassium ions, lose interest and leave

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22
Q

What is the resting membrane equilibrium?

A

-60

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23
Q

If they suck in what is the membrane slightly permeable to?

A

Sodium ions

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24
Q

Why do sodium ions want in?

A

They are positive.

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25
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump do?

A

pumps out 3 sodium and pumps in 2 potassium to maintain resting potential

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26
Q

How is the sodium potassium pump powered

A

ATP

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27
Q

What charge makes the cell useless

A

0

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28
Q

What does tetrodotoxin block nerve action?

A

Binding to/blocking pores of voltage gated sodium channels in neuron membranes

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29
Q

where is sodium

A

outside

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30
Q

where is potassium

A

inside

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31
Q

where is chlorine

A

outside

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32
Q

where is calcium

A

outside

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33
Q

where are proteins

A

inside

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34
Q

what do tetrodotoxins do

A

blocks nerve action by binding to/blocking pores of voltage gated, sodium channels in neuron mems

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35
Q

What does sodium do to the neuron?

A

Makes the neuron fire.

36
Q

what is the job of a neuron

A

take info to pt A to pt B

37
Q

WHat receives the info

A

dendrites

38
Q

Where does the action potential spark?

A

Axon hillock

39
Q

Where does the graded potential occur?

A

The dendrites

40
Q

What happens as you inject negative ions?

A

Becomes more than negative inside.

41
Q

What happens as graded potential spread across membranes?

A

They diminish like a ripples in a pond

42
Q

What number is the threshold?

A

-40

43
Q

What can graded potentials transform into?

A

Action potentials

44
Q

What happens when the membrane reaches threshold?

A

It triggers an action potential, inside the cell becomes briefly positive

45
Q

What happens once it hits -40?

A

The neuron jumps to +40.

46
Q

How can the cell be positive with negative components in the cell?

A

-40 voltage opens up so sodium rushes into the cell and then door slam shut

47
Q

What speed is an action potential?

A

One speed -> all or nothing

48
Q

What starts an action potential?

A

Incoming positive charge coming from the dendrites to axon hillock

49
Q

What happens in response to the initial depolarization?

A

Voltage gated sodium channels open.

50
Q

What happens as soon as the cell reaches the threshold?

A

voltage gated sodium ions flood into cell until membrane potential hits +40

51
Q

What happens after membrane potential hits +40?

A

Voltage gated sodium channels close and voltage gated potassium channels open

52
Q

What happens after vg potassium channels open

A

repolarization as K+ moves out and resting potential is restored

53
Q

When does sodium potassium pump come in during AP

A

during repolarization (3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in)

54
Q

how is the concentration gradient like at peak (action potential)

A

gradient pushing Na+ out is equals charge pushing Na+ in

55
Q

where does information enter nerve cell

A

at the synaptic site on the dendrite

56
Q

What is the absolute refractory phase

A

no more action potentials can be made

57
Q

What is the relative refractory phase

A

only a strong stimuli can cause another AP

58
Q

Why can’t there be another action potential during the AR phase

A

the activation gate locks

59
Q

what does sodium do to neurons(think of putting salt on worms)

A

it causes neuron to fire

60
Q

how many action potentials are there in one axon

A

many

61
Q

why do action potentials travel in one direction

A

the refractory state of the membrane

62
Q

what does myelin do

A

speeds up the process

63
Q

what is periodic paralysis

A

genetic defect in Na+ channels - so neuron doesn’t fire the way it needs to

64
Q

what happens after the action potential travels down to the axon terminal

A

voltage gated calcium channels open

65
Q

When do APs stop

A

no more voltage gates

66
Q

What does Calcium do

A

gives enzymes that make it active-controls everything

67
Q

What happens after Calcium enters

A

synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and release transmitter into the cleft

68
Q

What happens after the fusion

A

transmitters bind to postsynaptic receptors- EPSP or IPSP

69
Q

what may transmitters bind to instead

A

presynaptic autoreceptors, decreasing release

70
Q

what are neurotransmitters inactivated by

A

degradation or reuptake

71
Q

what is Excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

makes cell more likely to fire because it is more positive

72
Q

what is inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

makes the cell less likely to fire because it is more negative

73
Q

how are epsp and ipsps decided

A

the axon hillock

74
Q

what is a reuptake

A

reabsorptions of a neurotransmitter

75
Q

what is a degradation

A

breakdown/inactivation of transmitter by an enzyme

76
Q

What is an electrical synapses

A

ions flow DIRECTLY through large channels into neuron w out delay

77
Q

What are the benefits an electrical synapses

A

faster, allow neurons to synchronize saves energy

78
Q

what happens when neurons fire at the same time

A

a seizure

79
Q

what are ligands

A

receptors to activate or block(lock and key)

80
Q

endogenous ligands

A

neurotransmitters and hormones

81
Q

exogenous ligands

A

drugs and toxins from outside the body

82
Q

the number of receptors in a neuron what

A

varies over time

83
Q

what is up-regulation

A

sensitization-increase number of receptors-more of a response over time

84
Q

what is a down-regulation

A

tolerance- decrease in receptors-less of an effect over time

85
Q

what is electroencephalogram(EEG)

A

recording of brain activity- used for seizures

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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