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Biochemistry > Hormones & Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Hormones & Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of hormones?

A

transmit signal to produce an effect at the cell level

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2
Q

What are the 6 major glands of the endocrine system?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary Gland
  3. Thyroid Gland
  4. Parathyroids
  5. Adrenals
    6.Pineal Body
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones?

A
  • Peptide/Protein Hormones
  • Amino Acid Hormones
  • Steroid Hormones
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4
Q

What are the major organs of the endocrine system?

A
  • Ovaries/Testes
  • Pancreas
  • Kidneys
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5
Q

What is an endocrine hormone?

A

hormone released and travels to bloodstream til it reaches its target cell

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6
Q

What is paracrine hormone?

A

the cells that release and accept the hormone are close to each other; no travelling through the blood system

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7
Q

What is autocrine hormone?

A

hormone released by the same cell

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8
Q

What are the 2 important things about the hormonal cascade?

A
  1. hormones work in a cascade
  2. hormones increase 1000 fold (ng -> ug -> mg)
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9
Q

What is secreted from the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin & vasopressin

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10
Q

What is the posterior pituitary known as?

A

neural hypothesis

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11
Q

What are the steps of the signal cascade?

A
  1. Signal
  2. Activation of CNS & limbic system
  3. Activation of hypothalamus
  4. Hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones (ng)
  5. Releasing hormones activate anterior pituitary to secrete tropic hormones (uq)
  6. Tropic hormones activate target gland to secrete ultimate hormone (mg)
  7. Ultimate hormone negatively regulates HT & AP
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12
Q

What is released by the hypothalamus & anterior pituitary?

A
  • hypo -> releasing hormones in ng (nanogram)
  • ant. pituitary -> tropic hormone in ug (microgram)
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13
Q

What is released by the target gland?

A

ultimate hormone in mg (microgram)

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14
Q

What causes a negative feedback loop in the hormonal cascade?

A

too much of the ultimate hormone which will act on the hypothalamus or pituitary glands

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15
Q

Where are the hormones produced?

A
  • Hypothalamus: Releasing Hormones
  • Anterior Pituitary: Tropic Hormones
  • Posterior Pituitary: ADH & Oxytocin
  • Thyroid Gland: Thyroid Hormones
  • Parathyroid Gland: Parathyroid Hormone
  • Adrenal Cortex: Steroid Hormones
  • Adrenal Medulla: Catecholamines
  • Pancreas: Glucagon & Insulin
  • Testes: Testosterone
  • Ovaries: Estrogen & Progesterone
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16
Q

Peptide/protein hromones are products of what?

A

translation

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17
Q

Where do cells store protein hormones?

A

in secretory vesicles

18
Q

When are the protein hormones released?

A
  • when needed, released in a “burst”
  • released immediately right after synthesis
19
Q

Which gene encodes for several hormones?

A

POMC

20
Q

Which genes encode a precursor for hormones?

A
  • vasopressin
  • oxytocin
  • insulin
21
Q

What are the carrier proteins for vasopressin & oxytocin?

A
  • vaso -> neurophysin 2
  • oxy-> neurophysin 1
22
Q

What is the function of vasopressin?

A

works on kidney to help reabsorb & retain water

23
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A
  • love hormone
  • prevlent in labor contractions
  • released in large amounts for ejection of breast milk
24
Q

In insulin, which chain is the B or A chain bigger?

A

B

25
Q

In insuline, what are the B & A chains held together by?

A

disulfide bonds

26
Q

What occurs in diabetes?

A

no glucose uptake -> hyperglycemic

27
Q

What are the characteristics of type 1 diabetes?

A
  • juvenile onset
  • pancreatic cells destroyed
  • no insulin production
  • treatment: insulin injections
28
Q

What are the characteristics of type 2 diabetes?

A
  • adult onset
  • body doesnt produce enough insulin or doesnt use insulin efficiently
  • insulin resistance
  • majority of cases
  • treatment: diet/exercise, drugs targeting glucose metabolism organs, & insulin injections for chronic cases
29
Q

What is known as the stress hormone in catecholamines?

A

cortisol

30
Q

How are catecholamines released into the blood?

A
  1. Tyrosine goes from the blood to the adrenal medulla
  2. Tyrosine is converted into norepinephrine
  3. Stressful event causes hypothalamus to secrete ACTH
  4. ACTH stimulates release of cortisol
  5. Cortisol leads to production of Phenylethanolamine N-MethylTransferase (PNMT)
  6. PNMT converts NEP into EP
  7. EP is released into the blood
  8. EP increases blood glucose, increases heart rate, increases blood pressure
31
Q

How many tyrosine residues is contained in thyroglobulin?

A

100-120

32
Q

What is the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

A
  1. Uptake of Iodide (I-) after eating
  2. Oxidation to iodine (I) by Peroxidase
  3. Iodination of Thyroglobulin
  4. T4 thyroglobulin is stored in thyroid
  5. Stimulus from hypothalamus  pituitary  thyroid causes release of T4/T3 from thyroid
  6. Formation of monoiodotyrosine (MIT or T1) & diiodotyrosine (DIT or T2)
  7. Formation of T3 (active form) & T4 (storage form)
  8. Secretion to peripheral tissues
33
Q

What is Graves Disease?

A
  • HYPERthyroidism (high T3) & thyromegaly
  • diagnosis: low TSH & high T3/T4
  • symptoms: goiter, bulging eyes, anxious/sweating
  • treatment: tapazole & surgical removal
34
Q

What is Hashimoto’s disease?

A
  • HYPOthyroidism -> autoimmine condition
  • diagnosis: enlarged, inflamed thyroid
  • symptoms: weight gain, dry skin, low heart rate; usually in women
  • treatment: thyroid hormone pills
35
Q

What are steroid hormones made from?

A

cholesterol

36
Q

What are the classes of steroid hormones?

A
  • Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
  • Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
  • Androgens (Testosterone)
  • Estrogens (Estradiol)
  • Progestogens (Progesterone)
37
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Acts on kidneys to conserve sodium = water retention = maintain BP

38
Q

What is the function of cortisol?

A
  • Increase insulin resistance
  • Increase gluconeogenesis
  • Immunosuppression
39
Q

How do glucocorticoids suppress immune & inflammatory responses?

A
  1. Glucocorticoid binds receptor
  2. Increase IkappaBalpha
  3. No separation of NF-kappaB & IkappaBalpha
  4. Decreased immune response
40
Q

What is Crushing’s disease?

A
  • high cortisol levels
  • symptoms: growth retardation, hump on shoulder, weight gain
  • medications: controls excess production of cortisol -> ketoconazole
41
Q
A

Biochemistry (20 decks)

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