hormones / endocrine organs Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
GnRH causes increases in
A
FSH and LH
2
Q
GHRH increases
A
GH
3
Q
TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone) produces
A
TSH
4
Q
dopamine causes what to decrease
A
prolactin decreases
5
Q
ADH and oxytocin is produced in
A
hypothalamus
released post-pituitary
6
Q
what does the pancreas produce
A
insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
7
Q
insulin generates
A
beta islets
decreases glucose
8
Q
glucagon generates
A
alpha-islets
increases glucose
9
Q
somatostatin generates
A
delta islets
decreases insulin and glucagon
10
Q
glucagon is
A
the stored form of sugar
11
Q
gonads produce
A
testosterone in testes
estrogen and progesterone in ovaries
12
Q
pineal gland produces
A
melatonin
regulated circadian rhythm
13
Q
anterior pituitary generates
note: FLAT PEG
A
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
Endorphins
GH
“FLAT PEG”
14
Q
FSH is responsible for
A
male spermatogenesis
female ovarian follicle growth
15
Q
LH generates
A
testosterone
induces ovulation
16
Q
ACTH makes and releases
A
glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex
17
Q
TSH makes and releases
A
triiodothyronine and thyroxine (T3 and T4)
from thyroid
18
Q
prolactin causes increase in
A
milk
19
Q
endorphins decrease
A
pain
20
Q
GH causes increases in
A
growth in bone/muscle
glucose in bone/muscle
21
Q
thyroid gland makes
A
T4 and T3
made by follicle cells
increase basal metabolic rate
22
Q
what makes calcitonin
A
parafollicular (c) cells in thyroid
23
Q
calcitonin causes Ca2+ increase/decrease in…
A
Ca2+ increase in bone and excretion from kidneys
Ca2+ decrease in blood and gut
24
Q
parathyroid glands generate
A
PTH
25
PTH causes what to increase and decrease
Ca2+ increase in blood and absorption in gut
Ca2+ decrease in bone and excretion in kidney
26
PTH activates
vitamin D in kidney
27
bone breakdown releases
Ca2+
28
posterior pituitary pathway releases
ADH
oxytocin
29
ADH causes decrease in
water output in urine
30
oxytocin causes increase in
urine concentration / milk / bonding behavior
positive feedback
31
adrenal cortex produces
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
androgens
32
glucocorticoids produces
cortisol and cortisone
33
glucocorticoids causes what to increase and decrease
glucose increase
protein synthesis and immune system decrease
34
mineralocorticoids produces
aldosterone
35
mineralcorticoids causes increase/decrease in
K+ and BP decrease
Na+ and water increase
36
androgens convert to
testosterone and estrogen in the gonads
37
adrenal medulla produce
catecholamines
38
hormones made by adrenal medulla
epinephrine (anti-histamine)
norepinephrine
39
epinephrine causes increase in
heart rate and BP
40
norepinephrine causes increase in
heart rate and BP
41
GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) stimulates
anterior pituitary to release GH
42
what produces GHRH?
hypothalamus
43
anterior pituitary regulates
stress, growth, reproduction, lactation
44
GnRH stimulates
anterior pituitary
45
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release
FSH and LH
46
what produces GnRH
hypothalamus
47
TRH stimulates
anterior pituitary to release TSH
48
TRH is produced by
hypothalamus
49
growth hormone stimulates
growth and cell reproduction
50
growth hormone is release by
anterior pituitary
51
oxytocin and ADH are released by
posterior pituitary
52
posterior pituitary is the
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
53
what acts on endocrine glands
tropic hormones
54
tropic hormones induce
endo glands to secrete other hormones
e.g. GnRH --> LH
55
ADH causes increase/decrease in
BP and H20 retention increase
decrease plasma osmolarity
56
ADH is produced by
hypothalamus
release by posterior pituitary
57
peptide hormone consists of
AAs
water-soluble
58
peptide hormones examples
insulin
glucagon
leptin
ADH
oxytocin
59
TSH stimulates
thyroid to release t4 and t3
60
TSH is released from
anterior pituitary
61
CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) stimulates
anterior pituitary to release ACTH
62
CRH is produced by the
hypothalamus
63
ACTH stands for
adrenocorticotropic hormone (released from adrenal cortex)
64
prolactin-release inhibitng factor is aka
dopamine
65
dopamine is a
neurohormone
66
what is dopamine in the brain
neurotransmitter
67
in the endocrine system, what does dopamine do
regulate hormone release
68
dopamine inhibits
prolactin release from anterior pituitary
69
oxytocin stimulates
uterine contractions and breast milk production
70
oxytocin is produced in the
hypothalamus
71
what releases oxytocin
posterior pituitary
72
FSH is released from
anterior pituitary
73
FSH in males
triggers spermatogenesis
stimulates sertoli cells
74
FSH in females
ovarian follicle development
75
LH is released from the
anterior pituitary
76
LH surge occurs during
2 most fertile days (includes ovulation day)
77
where is ACTH released from
anterior pituitary
78
ACTH stimulates production and release of
cortisol
79
catecholamines target
adergenic receptors (GCPR)
80
examples of catecholamines
norepinephrine
epipinehrine
81
3 major classes of hormones
peptides
amino
steroid hormones
82
polypeptides
proteins + peptides
water soluble
83
amines are derived from
AAs
water and lipid soluble
84
are steroid hormones lipid or water soluble
lipid soluble
85
what are steroid hormones derived from
lipids
86
examples of steroid hormones
esterogen
progesterone
testoterone
87
direct hormones act directly on the
target tissue/organ
e.g. insulin
88
GHIH is aka
somatostatin
89
hypothalamus is located:
below the thalamus
90
pancreas is a
large gland behind stomach
91
pancreas secretes
digestive enzymes into duodenum
92
islets of Langerhands secretes
insulin and glucagon
embedded in the pancreas
93
gonads are a gland that produces
gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones
94
pineal gland is located in the
epithalamus, tucked into a groove between the two thalamus halves
95
adrenal cortex sits along the
perimeter of the adrenal gland (top of kidney)
mediates stress response
96
ADH (vasopressin) regulated the
tonicity of body fluids
97
ADH is released in response to
hypertonicity and causes the kidneys to reabsorb water
98
ADH release results in
concentrated urine and reduced urine volume
increases BP
99
oxytocin is what kind of hormone
peptide
100
oxytocin is synthesized in the
hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary
101
t4 and t3 are created from
iodine and tyrosine
101
during childbirth, oxytocin increases
uterine contractions and is released in response to cervix stretching
also increases milk production + certain bonding behaviors
102
t4 is a precursor to
t3
102
thyroid gland are in the
neck and below the adam's apple
103
thyroid secretes
thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism
104
thyroid helps regulates (what) homeostasis
calcium
105
parathyroid glands are located on the
back of the thyroid
106
parathyroid function
maintain body's Ca2+ and K+ so that nervous and muscular systems function properly
107
adrenal medulla sits on top of the
kidney
at the center of adrenal gland surrounded by the adrenal cortex
108
adrenal medulla converts
tyrosine into catecholamines
109
