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Exercise Physiology > Hormones, Exercise, & Training > Flashcards

Hormones, Exercise, & Training Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 components characterize the endocrine system

A
  • host gland
  • hormones
  • target (receptor) cells or organs
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2
Q

What does the host gland do

A
  • secrete hormones
  • lack ducts but discharge their substances directly into the extracellular space around the gland
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3
Q

Describe hormones

A
  • a chemical secreted by a cellar group of cells into the blood for transport to a distant target, where it exerts its effect at low concentrations
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4
Q

How can hormones be classified

A
  • by their sources
  • their receptor type
  • their chemical structure
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5
Q

How do hormones function

A
  • most hormones combine with a specific receptor molecule on the cell surface causing the cell to discharge a second chemical that initiates a cascade of cellular events
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6
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms that hormone actions occur

A
  • changing the synthesis rate of intracellular proteins
  • altering enzyme activity
  • modifying cell membrane transport
  • inducing secretory activity
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7
Q

What 3 factors determine a hormone’s plasma concentration

A
  • sum of synthesis and release by the host gland
  • rate of receptor tissue uptake
  • rate of removal from the blood by the liver and kidneys
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8
Q

Describe growth hormone

A
  • promotes cell division & proliferation throughout the body
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9
Q

How does growth hormone facilitate protein synthesis

A
  • increasing amino acid transport through plasma membranes
  • stimulating RNA formation
  • activating cellular ribosomes that increase protein synthesis
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10
Q

Describe growth hormone relating to exercise

A
  • secretion increases a few minutes after exercise begins
  • relates more closely to peak exercise intensity rather than duration or total exercise volume
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11
Q

How is cortisol released

A
  • hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone which is transported to the anterior pituitary & stimulates the release of corticotropin, which acts on the adrenal cortex to promote synthesis & release of cortisol
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12
Q

Describe ACTH related to exercise

A
  • ACTH concentrations increase with exercise duration if intensity exceeds 25% of aerobic capacity
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13
Q

What are the two types of gonadotropic hormones

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
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14
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do in females

A
  • initiates follicle growth in the ovaries & stimulates ovarian secretion of estrogens
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15
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in combination do in females

A
  • stimulates estrogen secretion & initiates rupture of the follicle to allow the ovum to pass through the fallopian tube for fertilization
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16
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone do in males

A
  • stimulates germinal epithelial growth in the testes to promote sperm development
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17
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do in males

A
  • stimulates the testes to secrete the hormone testosterone
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18
Q

What hormones come from the anterior pituitary

A
  • growth hormone
  • corticotropin
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • luteinizing hormone
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19
Q

What hormones come from the posterior pituitary

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • oxytocin
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20
Q

How does the posterior pituitary release hormones

A
  • it does not synthesize its hormones, it receives them from the hypothalamus for release to the general circulation via neural stimulation
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21
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone do

A
  • it limits how much urine the kidneys produce
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22
Q

What does oxytocin do

A
  • it stimulates uterine muscle activity & milk ejection from the breasts during lactation
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23
Q

Describe antidiuretic hormone relating to exercise

A
  • exercise is a potent stimulus for antidiuretic hormone secretion, which increases water reabsorption by the kidney tubules during & after exercise
24
Q

What hormones are released by the thyroid

A
  • calcitonin
  • thyroxine
  • triiodothyronine
25
Q

What stimulates the release of thyroid hormones

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones
26
Q

Function of thyroid hormones

A
  • they provide essential stimulation for normal growth & development, especially of nerve tissue
27
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid secrete

A
  • secretes parathyroid peptide hormone (PTH) to increase plasma Ca++ concentration
28
Q

What 3 ways does parathyroid peptide hormone increase plasma Ca++ concentration

A
  • mobilizes Ca++ from bone
  • enhances renal Ca++ reabsorption
  • indirectly increases intestinal Ca++ absorption by its influence on vitamin D3
29
Q

Describe adrenal glands

A
  • located above each kidney
  • inner portion is the adrenal medulla
  • outer portion is the adrenal cortex
  • both secrete different hormones
30
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do

A
  • it prolongs & augments sympathetic neural effects by secreting epinephrine & norepinephrine
31
Q

What factors determine catecholamine response to exercise

A
  • exercise intensity
  • exercise duration
  • age
  • gender
32
Q

What does the adrenal cortex do

A
  • secretes adrenocortical hormones in response to ACTH stimulation from the pituitary gland
33
Q

What does increased cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex do

A
  • decreases glucose uptake in many tissues
  • decreases amino acid uptake in many tissues
  • increases adipose tissue synthesis
  • increases protein breakdown
  • decreases protein synthesis
  • increases gluconeogenesis
34
Q

What are the 4 types of pancreatic hormones and what they do

A

Beta cells: produce insulin & amylin
Alpha cells: secrete glucagon
D cells: secrete somatostatin
PP cells: produce pancreatic polypeptide

35
Q

What happen when you have high blood sugar

A
  • Beta cells in the pancreas secrete insulin
  • insulin stimulates glycogen formation in the liver to lower blood sugar
  • insulin also stimulates glucose uptake from the blood to lower blood sugar
36
Q

What happens when you have low blood sugar

A
  • Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon
  • glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver to raise blood sugar
37
Q

What factors stimulate insulin secretion after eating

A
  • increased blood glucose concentrations
  • increased blood amino acid concentrations
  • gastrointestinal tract hormones
  • parasympathetic nervous system stimulation
  • sympathetic nervous system stimulation
38
Q

What is insulin’s major function

A
  • it regulates glucose metabolism by facilitating cellular glucose uptake in all tissues except the brain
39
Q

How does insulin exert its action on glucose

A
  • increases glucose transport into most, but not all, insulin sensitive cells
  • enhances cellular utilization & storage of glucose
  • enhances utilization of amino acids
  • promotes fat synthesis
40
Q

What happens when insulin secretion increases

A
  • increase glucose uptake
  • increase amino acid uptake
  • increase protein synthesis
  • decrease protein breakdown
  • increase fatty acid & triacylglycerol synthesis
  • decrease lipolysis
  • increase glycogen synthesis
  • decrease glycogenolysis
41
Q

Define glycogenolysis

A
  • breakdown of glycogen into glucose
42
Q

Define lipolysis

A
  • breakdown of lipid cells
43
Q

What happens when glycogen secretion increases

A
  • increase glycogenolysis
  • decrease glycogen synthesis
  • increase gluconeogenesis
  • increase ketone synthesis
  • decrease protein breakdown
  • increase lipolysis
  • decrease triaclyglycerol synthesis
44
Q

Describe glucagon secretion relating to exercise

A
  • contributes to blood glucose regulation during endurance exercise & starvation
  • glucagon release is also stimulated by plasma amino acids
45
Q

Cause of Type 1 diabetes

A
  • results form the body’s failure to produce insulin
46
Q

Cause of Type 2 diabetes

A
  • is a relative insulin deficiency that results in hyperglycemia
47
Q

Cause of gestational diabetes

A
  • afflicts about 9% of all pregnant women
48
Q

Cause of pre-diabetes

A
  • is a condition where a person’s glucose reaches higher than normal levels but not high enough for a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes
49
Q

Environmental triggers for Type 1 diabetes

A
  • cold weather exposure
  • viral infection
  • early diet
50
Q

Testing for diabetes and current suspected diabetes value

A
  • fasting plasma glucose test after an 8 hour fast
  • fasting plasma glucose of suspected diabetes is >126 mg·dL^-1
51
Q

Describe metabolic syndrome

A
  • multifaceted grouping of coronary artery disease risks
  • the clustering of insulin resistance & hyperinsulinemia
52
Q

Risk factors for metabolic syndrome

A

Abdominal fatness: Men- >102 cm or >40 in; Women- >88 cm or > 35 in
Triacylglycerols: >150 mg/dL
High density lipoprotein: Men- <40 mg/dL; Women- <50 mg/dL
Blood pressure: >130/>85 mmHg
Fasting glucose: >110 mg/dL

53
Q

Describe Type 1 diabetes and exercise

A
  • must exercise with caution because of increased insulin sensitivity & because fast delivery of injected insulin via the rapid circulation with exercise accelerates glucose removal from plasma
54
Q

Describe Type 2 diabetes and exercise

A
  • regular physical activity for the Type 2 diabetic improves glycemic control, cardiovascular function, body composition, psychological profile, & reduces a broad array of heart disease risks
55
Q

Describe endurance training and the endocrine function between a trained person & non trained person

A
  • exercise at a particular absolute intensity produces a lower hormonal response in trained individuals compared to untrained
  • with max exercise, trained individuals have a similar/slightly higher catecholamine & pituitary hormonal response the untrained inidivduals
56
Q

Describe the effects of endurance training on endocrine function

A
  • elevates hormone response during exercise for ACTH & cortisol
  • depresses hormone response during exercise for GH, PRL, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, ADH, T4, & insulin
57
Q

Describe the effects of resistance training on endocrine function

A
  • resistance training increases the frequency & amplitude of testosterone & growth hormone secretion

Exercise Physiology (9 decks)

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