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Infection > Hospital acquired infections > Flashcards

Hospital acquired infections Flashcards

1
Q

what are HAIs?

A

Infection arising as a consequence of providing healthcare

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2
Q

definition in terms of the patient

A

o Neither present nor incubating at time of admission

o For practical purposes- this means onset at least 48 hours after admission

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3
Q

HAIs also include

A

includes infections in hospital visitors and healthcare workers

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4
Q

why are HAIs important

A
  • Very common= 8% of in-patients
  • Impact on health
  • Impact on healthcare organisations
  • Preventable
  • Economic cost
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5
Q

historical background of HAIs

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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6
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

o Ideas preceded Pasteur’s germ theory and Listers use of antiseptic surgery
o Found that hand washing reduced the number of cases of puerperal fever

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7
Q

most common HAIs

A

UTI, pneumonia, GI and surgical wound infections

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8
Q

infection prevention can be used at

A

many stages of the infection model

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9
Q

Patient factors which increase likelihood of HCAI

A
  • Extremes of age
  • Obesity/ malnourished
  • Diabetes
  • Cancer
  • Immunosuppression
  • Smoker
  • Surgical patient
  • Emergency admission
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10
Q

viruses that are common HAIs

A

blood born viruses (hepatitis B, C + HIV)

norovirus

influenza

chickenpox

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11
Q

bacteria that are common HAIs

A 
MRSA
C. diff
E.coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
M. tuberculosis
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12
Q

fungi that are common HAIs

A

Candida albicans

Aspergillus species

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13
Q

parasites that are common HAIs

A

malaria

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14
Q

The 4 Ps of infection prevention and control

A

patient

pathogen

practice

place

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15
Q

patient infection prevention and control

A

o General and specific patient risk factors for infection

o Interactions with: other patient, healthcare workers, visitors

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16
Q

general patient interventions

A 
-	Optimise patients conditions
o	Stop them smoking
o	Improve condition
o	Diabetes
-	Antimicrobial prophylaxis
-	Skin preparation
-	Hand hygiene
17
Q

specific patient interventions

A
  • MRSA screens
  • Mupirocin nasal ointment
  • Disinfectant body wash
18
Q

Mupirocin nasal ointment

A

is used to kill bacteria which can live in your nose, and which can spread to other people when you breathe

19
Q

pathogen prevention and control

A

o Virulence factors

o Ecological interactions (other bacteria/ antibiotics/ disinfectants)

20
Q

practice prevention and control

A

o General and specific activities of healthcare workers e.g. handwashing
o Policies and their implementation
o Organisational structure and engagement
o Regional and national political initiatives
o Leadership at all levels from government to the ward

21
Q

place prevention and control

A

o Healthcare environment
 Fixed features
 Variable features

22
Q

halting patient to patient transmission- physical barriers

A

o Isolation of infected patients e.g. isolation chambers (air pressure in the lobby)
 Positive pressure lobby
 Negative pressure room
o Protection of susceptible patients
 E.g. patients about to have a bone marrow transplant
 Positive pressure rooms
 To prevent patients from airborne pathogens

23
Q

healthcare worker interventions: healthy

A

o Disease free

o Vaccinated

24
Q

healthcare worker interventions: good practice

A

o Good clinical techniques (e.g. sterile non-touch)
o Hand hygiene
o PPE- personal protective equipment
o Antimicrobial prescribing

25
Q

environmental interventions can include

A
  • Built environment
  • Furniture and furnishings
  • Cleaning
  • Medical devices
  • Appropriate kitchen and ward food facilities
  • Theatres
  • Positive/negative pressure rooms
  • Immunosuppressed patients
26
Q

2 with a cross through it means

A

single use

27
Q

built environment

A

o Space/layout
o Toilets
o Wash hand basins

28
Q

cleaning

A

o Disinfectants
o Steam cleaning
o Hydrogen peroxide vapour

29
Q

medical devices

A

o Single use equipment
o Sterilisation
o decontamination

30
Q

Have you I-fived your patients today?

A
  1. Identify (patients at high risk of transmitting)

Does the patient have an A-F??

  1. Isolate
  2. Investigate
  3. Inform
  4. Initiate
31
Q

Identify checklist: A–> F

A
  • Abroad
  • Blood borne infections
  • Colonised with multidrug resistant organisms
  • Diarrhoea/ vomiting
  • Expectorating (cough)
  • Funny looking rash

Infection (36 decks)

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