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IOE Dentistry - Oral Microbiology > Host Microbe Interactions > Flashcards

Host Microbe Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Define symbiosis

A

interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association. It is a mutually beneficial relationship between two dissimilar organisms

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2
Q

Define mutualism

A

An association between two organisms where both parties involved are benefiting

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3
Q

Define parasitism

A

Unilateral benefit for one party involved.

Usually the host is suffering and the other organism is benefiting

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4
Q

Define pathogen

A

A microbe capable of causing the host damage and/or disease

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5
Q

Define opportunistic pathogens

A

An organism that is a member of the resident microbiota (or normally inhabiting the external environment) that causes infection under certain circumstances

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6
Q

Define symbiont

A

Member of the resident microbiota that confers benefit to the host

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7
Q

Define pathobiont

A

Member of the resident microbiota that causes disease when loss of the normal balance between the host and resident microbiota occurs

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8
Q

Define dysbiosis

A

Imbalnces in the resident human microbiota or our responses to them

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9
Q

Name the two beneficial relationships

A

Mutualism

Commensalism

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10
Q

Name the three types of detrimental relationships

A

Predation/parasitism (where the host is infected)
Amensalism (Microbe or host is injured
Competition (Struggle for resources)

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11
Q

What is opportunistic infection?

A

It is caused by an organism that is a member of the normal microbiota or normally exhibits the external environment

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12
Q

What are some examples of situations opportunistic microbes can take advantage of to spread infection?

A

Can enter through damaged epithelium
Presence of a foreign body
Transfer or bacteria from one sit to another
Suppression of the immune system
Distruption of the normal microbiota
Unknown precipitating factor
Impairment of host defences by exogenous pathogen

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13
Q

Which microorganisms can cause caries?

A

Streptococcus mutans Lactobacillus spp. Actinomyces spp.

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14
Q

Which microorganism can cause periodontal disease?

A 
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Tannerella forsythia
Aggregatibacterium
Actinomycetemcomitans 
Spirochaetes
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15
Q

Which microorganisms can cause aspiration pneumonia?

A

Staphylococcus spp. Anaerobes

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16
Q

Which microorganisms can cause abscesses?

A

Streptococci,
actinomyces
Gram-negative anaerobes

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17
Q

What can lead to the selection of pathogens?

A

Ecological pressures

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18
Q

Give examples of some ecological stresses

A

Host defences
Diet
Hormones
Exogenous species

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19
Q

How can organisms seek nutrients?

A

Chemotaxis

Biofims

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20
Q

How can organisms uptake and transport nutrients?

A

By diffusion
Active transport
Group translocation

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21
Q

Name some endogenous nutrients in saliva

A 
Amino acids 
Peptides 
Proteins 
Vitamines 
Glycoproteins 
Gases
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22
Q

Name some endogenous nutrients in the gingival crevicular fluid

A

Albumin
Proteins
Glycoproteins
Haem

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23
Q

Name some exogenous nutrients

A

Fermentable carbohydrates
Dairy prodcyts like milk (casein)
Alternative sweeteners like sorbitol, xylitol and saccharin

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24
Q

What are exogenous nutrients?

A

The process whereby substances entering the body from the environment are assimilated

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25
What are endogenous nutrients?
The assimilation by the body of substances that are found in the organism itself
26
Sucrose can be converted into 2 EPS | What does EPS stand for and what are the 2 EPS
EPS= Extracellular polymers The 2 EPS that sucrose can be converted into are: Glycan and fructan labile in plaque
27
Which enzyme converts sucrose to glycan?
Glucosyltransferases
28
Which enzyme converts sucrose to fructan labile in plaque?
Fructosyltransferase
29
Sucrose can be converted an IPS | What does IPS stand for and what is the IPS
IPS= Intracellular polymers | The IPS that sucrose is converted to is a glycogen like compounded for storage
30
What is catabolism?
The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy
31
What is anabolism?
The synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy
32
What are Saccharolytic bacterium?
They are capable of hydrolyzing or otherwise metabolizing a sugar molecule resulting in the production of energy
33
What are Asaccharolytic bacterium?
Incapable of breaking down carbohydrates for energy.
34
What is glucose converted to in the process of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
35
How does respiration produce ATP?
By electron transport phosphorylation using proton motive force
36
What is the electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
37
What is a byproduct of aerobic respiration?
Water
38
What is the electron acceptor in denitrification?
NO3-
39
What is a byproduct of denitrification
NO2-
40
What is the electron acceptor in Sulphate reduction
SO4-
41
What is a byproduct of Sulphate reduction
H2S
42
What is the electron acceptor in Methanogenesis
CO2
43
What is a byproduct of Methanogenesis
CH4
44
Go through the steps in fermentation
1. Glucose is converted into fructose biphosphate (2 ATP->2ADP) 2. Fructose biphosphate converted into 2 triose-phosphate 3. 2 triose-phosphate converted into 2 phosphoglyceric acid (2 NADH->2NAD+) 4. 2 phosphoglyceric acid converted into 2 pyruvic acid (2 ADP->2ATP) 5. 2 pyruvic acid converted into 2 LACTIC ACIDS
45
What are the end products for the Homolactic acid | fermentation pathway?
Lactic acid
46
What are the end products for the Heterolactic acid fermentation pathway?
Lactic acid ethanol CO2
47
What are the end products for the ethanolic fermentation pathway?
Ethanol | CO2
48
What are the end products for the propionic acid fermentation pathway?
Propanoic acid | CO2
49
What are the end products for the mixed acid fermentation pathway?
``` Ethanol Acetic acid Lactic acid Succinic acid Formic acid CO2 H2 ```
50
What are the end products for the butanediol fermentation pathway?
Butanediol | CO2
51
What are the end products for the butyric acid fermentation pathway?
Butyric acid butanol acetone CO2
52
What are the end products for the amino acid fermentation pathway?
Acetic acid NH4+ CO2
53
What are the end products for the fermentation methanogenesis pathway?
CH4 | CO2
54
What does the enzyme urease break down?
Urea into NH3 and CO2
55
Name 3 host structural | proteins/glycoproteins
Hyaluronidase Chondroitin sulphatase Collagenase
56
What is the breakdown of L-arginine into NH4+ called?
Arginine metabolism
57
Go through the 2 ways L-arginine is broken down?
1. L-arginine is converted into L-citrulline L-citrulline is then converted into carbamoylphosphate by the addition of a inorganic phosphate and L-ornithine Carbamoylphosphate is then converted into NH3 in a process of decarboxylation using ATP Then NH3 is protonated into NH4+ 2. L-arginine is converted into NH3 NH3 is then protonated into NH4+
58
What is L-arginine hydrolysed into in arginine metabolism?
Ammonia
59
What is the nefeit of the lactate production lactate utilisation relationship?
Less caries as the glucose that was converted into lactate gets utilised by veillonella into acetate and propionate which are weaker acids
60
talk through the steps of how a climax community is reached
``` Transmission acquisition Pioneer species Succession Increasing species diversity Climax community ```
61
What are The 2 sources of nutrients for the resident microbiota
Endogenous (saliva, GFC) | exogenous (diet)
62
Streptococcus mutans can cause what?
Dental caries
63
Gram-negative anaerobes can cause what?
Abscesses
64
NO3- is what in denitrification?
Electron acceptor
65
Actinomycetemcomitans can caise what?
Periodontal disease
66
What word describes bacterium that are capable of hydrolyzing or otherwise metabolizing a sugar molecule resulting in the production of energy
Saccharolytic
67
Staphylococcus spp. Can cause what?
Aspiration pneumonia
68
Streptococci can cause what?
Abscesses
69
What is SO4- in sulphate reduction?
Electron reduction
70
Aggregatibacterium can cause what?
Periodontal disease
71
Lactobacillus spp. Can cause what?
Dental caries
72
What is glucosyltransferases and what does it do?
It is an enzyme that converts sucrose to glycan
73
Tannerella forsythia can cause what?
Periodontal disease
74
CO2 is what in Methanogenesis
The electron acceptor
75
Actinomyces spp. Can cause what?
Dental caries
76
What is fructosyltransferase and what does it do?
It’s an enzyme that converts sucrose to glycan
77
Anaerobes can cause what?
Aspiration pneumonia
78
Porphyromonas gingivalis can cause what?
Periodontal disease
79
Spirochaetes can cause what?
Periodontal disease
80
What are the two types of cellular metabolisms?
Catabolism | Anabolism
81
What word describes bacteria that is Incapable of breaking down carbohydrates for energy.
Asaccharolytic
82
The conversion of glucose to pyruvate is called what?
Glycolysis
83
Oxygen is what in aerobic respiration?
The electron acceptor
84
Define commensalism
When one party in an association is benefiting and the other is not affected
85
What are organisms that are not pathogens called?
Commensos
86
When does synergism occur?
Synergism occurs when two or more hormones produce the same effects in a target cell and their results are amplified.
87
What are the sources of nutrients for the resident microbiota are called?
1. Exogenous sources | 2. endogenous sources

IOE Dentistry - Oral Microbiology (5 decks)

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