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IOE Dentistry - Oral Microbiology > The Mouth As A Microbial Habitat > Flashcards

The Mouth As A Microbial Habitat Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What is microbiology

A

The study of microorganism

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2
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

Organisms too small to see with the naked eye

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3
Q

What does the resident microbiota refer to?

A

The complete collection of organisms at a specific body site

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4
Q

What is the human microbiome?

A

The complete collection of organisms at a specific body site and also includes the totality of material that these microbes have ie includes genetic material

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5
Q

How many cells is the human body made up of?

A

More than 10^14

100,000,000,000,000

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6
Q

What are the 6 main microbial communities in the body?

A 
Mouth 
Skin 
Axilla 
Stomach 
Intestine 
UG tract
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7
Q

How many bacteria cells are there in the mouth and saliva?

A

10^7 bacterial sites
10^8 per ml of saliva
Grand total is approx 10^10 (10,000,000,000)

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8
Q

How many bacteria cells are there on the skin?

A

10^12 over the body surface

1,000,000,000,000

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9
Q

How many bacteria cells are there in the intestine?

A

10^8 - 10^12 Bacteria per gram of faeces

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10
Q

How many bacteria cells are there in the UG tract?

A

Ranges from sterile in the bladder to densely populated in the vagina and urethra

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11
Q

Describe the microbial community in the stomach

A

Sparsely populated

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12
Q

How many specifies of bacteria are there in the human mouth

A

1000 in total

But on average each individual carries 300-500 bacterial species

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13
Q

What are caries and periodontal disease caused by?

A

Dental plaque that is composed of mainly bacteria and their extracellular matrix

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14
Q

How many people were affected by caries?

A

100% of the population

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15
Q

How much does dental caries in children cost?

A

More than $3500 per 100 children

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16
Q

How many children in the uk suffer from tooth decay

A

Around 1/3 of 5 year old children

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17
Q

How many children and young adults were admitted to hospital in England (2014-2015) for extraction of teeth due to caries?

A

42,037

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18
Q

What is the most common cause for hospital admission of children between the ages of 5-9?

A

Dental caries

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19
Q

How much was spent by the NHS on hospital based tooth extraction on children in 2012

A

£30 million

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20
Q

What can tooth decay lead to?

A

Development of abscesses and sinuses that are painful and require antibiotic treatments

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21
Q

How much of the population suffered from periodontitis?

A

2-20% of most adult populations

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22
Q

How many people world wide are affected by periodontitis?

A

300 million

It’s the 6th most prevalent infectious disease

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23
Q

In the UK how many people suffer from advanced periodontitis and how much does this cost the NHS?

A

3-4 million currently suffering

Costs NHS £2 billion every year

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24
Q

Which systemic diseases are linked with periodontitis

A 
Cardiovascular diseases 
Diabetes 
Obesity 
Rheumatoid arthritis 
Cancer 
Alzheimer’s
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25
Name the 4 types of microorganisms found in the mouth
Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Viruses Prions
26
Give an example of and state the length of eukaryotes
E.g. fungi like yeast that causes thrush, Protozoa like Plasmodium that causes malaria 10-100 micrometers
27
Give an example of and state the length of prokaryotes
E.g. Eubacteria, archbacteria | 1-10 micrometers
28
What are viruses and how big are they?
They are acellular | 50-100 nm
29
What are prions and how big are they
They are non cellular | 5-10 nm
30
What is the debate surrounding prions?
Some people debate they are not considered as living elements They are proteins that cause infections They can reproduce but how
31
Why are viruses described as a cellular
Because a cellular organisms possesses a phospholipid membrane but virus is an entity made up of nucleic acid and the genetic material is found in a protein capsule
32
What is taxonomy
It is a branch of science that’s concerned with the classification of organisms
33
Define nomenclature
Assignment of names to groups according to international rules
34
Define identification in relation to taxonomy
Determining group/ taxon to which new isolates belong to
35
What is classification in taxonomy?
The arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups based on similarities or relationships
36
What is plaque?
The community of microorganisms found on the tooth surface as a biofilm embedded in a matrix of polymers of salivary and bacterial origin Plaque is a biofilm
37
What are the different taxonomic groups?
``` Kingdom Division Sub division Order Family Genus Species Strain ```
38
What are some of the benefits of the resident human microbiota
Competitive exclusion of exogenous pathogens Antagonism of exogenous pathogens Promotion of normal development of the immune system Promotion of normal human cellular physiology and nutrition Enhancement of cellular proliferation and wound healing responsible Enhancement of epithelial barrier function Certain important symbiotic bacteria actively modulate immunity to prevent chronic over stimulation (tolerance) Disease follows dis regulation or imbalance
39
What are some distinct sites for colonisation in the mouth?
Mucosal surfaces Teeth Saliva Gingival crevicular fluid
40
How is the mouth distinct from the rest of the body
It is moist Warm It has very specific pH at different sites of the mouth There are different environments and surfaces
41
When are we first colonised by microbes
As soon as we enter the birth canal
42
How are mucosal surfaces a distinct site for colonisation?
Mucosal surfaces are similar to those in digestive tract | The microbial loaf remains relatively low due to a process called desquamation
43
What is desquamation
Shedding of the outer layer of the epidermis
44
How does the tongue provide a unique site for colonisation?
The papillary structure can offer a different kind of habitat as compared to the lips mucosal surfaces of the cheeks etc Provides refuge to some microbes that may have been washed away by swallowing or mastication
45
How do teeth provide a distinct site for colonisation
They provide non shedding surfaces which allows for the acclimation if plaque
46
Which part of the mouth is keratinised?
The gingiva and hard palate
47
Which part of the mouth is non-keratinised?
Cheeks lips and soft palate
48
Give examples of different types and plaque and how are they caused?
Fissure plaque: exposed to more oxygen and salivary flow Gingival crevice plaque: access to a lot less oxygen There’s variation in the environmental conditions at different sites resulting in different plaques formation as different bacteria can survive in different environments
49
What is saliva produced by?
Major glands: Parotid submandibular sublingual glands Minor glands associated with the mucosa
50
What is the saliva made up of?
99% water | 1% is made up of proteins, glycoproteins inorganic components, lipids, hormones
51
What are some of the major roles of saliva?
``` Mastication Taste Lubrication Digestion Proximities remineralisation of teeth Acts as a buffer ```
52
What is the buffering when in saliva called?
Bicarbonate
53
What is gingival crevicular fluid (CGF)
It is a serum like exudate Viscous fluid which has a similar composition to serum Slow rate of GCF at healthy site In case of inflammation GCF rate increases
54
What do both saliva and GCF contain?
Components of the host defences
55
What factors influence colonisation and survival
``` Temperature (35-36°C) Redox potential Oxygen concentration PH (mean pH of saliva 6.75-7.25) Nutrients (endogenous and exogenous) Host defence (dependent on the integrity of the enamel and mucosa) Host genetics Host lifestyle ```
56
What is redox potential?
The redox potential of a substance fluid or molecule is defined as the ease by which the substance gains or loses electrons
57
What is the gain of electrons called
Reduction
58
What is the loss of electrons called
Oxidation
59
What does endogenous mean?
Comes from within us like proteins to make enzymes etc
60
What does exogenous mean?
Coming from the outside ie from your diet
61
What are the first line of defence of microbes in the mouth
The enamel and mucosa
62
What is the predominant Immunoglobulin found in saliva
Immunoglobulin A | IgA
63
What is the predominant Immunoglobulin found in GCF
Immunoglobulin G | IgG
64
Name some factors influencing colonisation and survival
Saliva Gingival crevicular fluid Mucosal defences
65
What are the mucosal defenders
Physical barrier including desquamation Immunological defences where the presence of bacteria will make us release signalling molecules that are produced by polymorphonuclear lymphocytes these molecules help reduce the bacterial load that has activated the signalling
66
Give some features of the mouth
It is a hostile environment Very selective Has a complex array of just response Has a rich oral microbiota

IOE Dentistry - Oral Microbiology (5 decks)

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