How Cells Works (Central Dogma) pt. 2

Question 1

Post-translational processing

Three main mechanisms by which membrane-bounded organelles import proteins. The protein remains ___ during the transport steps in mechanisms 1 and 3 but usually has to be _____ in mechanism 2. All of these processes require _____

Answer 1

• folded
• unfolded
• energy

Question 2

________________ - addition of sugars to the protein structure
* ____ is only accomplished in eukaryotic organisms.
* ____ is a target for the body to clear proteins.
* ____ will be removed. Critical implications for producing ____ proteins for human injection.

Answer 2

• Glycosylation
• N-linked glycosylation
• Glycosylation pattern
• Non-native
• therapeutic proteins

Question 3

the processes by which cells synthesize biomolecules and generate energy.

Answer 3

metabolism

Question 4

(energy-yielding metabolism) – the process of breaking down larger molecules to extract energy and create reaction substrates.

Answer 4

catabolism

Question 5

(biosynthetic metabolism) – the process of synthesizing larger molecules for maintenance and new cell generation.

Answer 5

anabolism

Question 6

waste products from the cell.

Answer 6

metabolites

Question 7

Metabolism
* In _____, the products are heat, metabolic products, and utilizable energy.

• _____ is the utilizable energy that is used in anabolism. (external nutrients –intracellular precursor pool – biosynthetic intermediates – biopolymers)

Answer 7

• catabolism
• ATP

Question 8

Metabolism

Levels/Class of Cellular Reactions:
* Class I or ____ Reactions: the nutrients are absorbed and some of the wastes are removed.
* Class II or ____ Reactions: formed higher or more complicated molecules.
* Class III or ____ Reactions: biopolymers are formed from monomer units from the Class II

Answer 8

• Fueling
• Biosynthesis
• Polymerization

Question 9

Field of biochemistry that is concern with the flow of energy thru the living system

Answer 9

Bioenergetics

Question 10

Bioenergetics: ATP and NADH pt. 1

ATP:
* ____ require energy for synthesis, transport, motility, signaling.
* Energy in cells is transferred largely thru _____

• Molecular unit of currency.
• ATP is regenerated from ____ when phosphate bonds in other compounds undergo ____ in metabolism or in respiration.
• The ____ change of reaction is negative indicating that it is ____.

Answer 10

• cells
• ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate)
• ADP (Adenosine diphosphate), hydrolysis
• Free energy, spontaneous

Question 11

has high energy bonds

Answer 11

phosphate bonds

Question 12

adenine and phosphate were bind by?

Answer 12

ribose

Question 13

Bioenergetics: ATP and NADH pt. 2

NAD(P)+
* _______________________
* Different from NAD+
* NADPH is a reduced form after ____ energy.
* Electron ____ for oxidation-reduction reactions
* Provides reducing power (____ atoms) for biosynthetic processes.
* Provides ____ for ATP formation in respiration.

Answer 13

• Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
• expelling
• donor/receptor
• hydrogen
• electrons

Question 14

NAD(P)+

Answer 14

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

Question 15

• the process by which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or 𝐹𝐴𝐷𝐻2 to 𝑂2 by a series of electron carriers.

Answer 15

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 16

• Occurs via the electron transport chain (proton gradient) in intermembrane space.
• The major source of ATP for aerobic organisms.

Answer 16

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 17

_______ Transport Chain

• Composed of two coupled functions:
  1. ______ from NADH (electron donor) to FADH2 (redox cofactor)
  2. ______ to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
• ATP synthase helps ADP to react in protons outside for it to become ATP again.

Answer 17

• Electron
  1. Transfer of electrons from NADH to FADH2
  2. Use of protons to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

Question 18

_____ continues to be made as protons move through ATP synthase enzyme

Answer 18

ATP

Question 19

Aerobic Catabolism:
o ____ (glucose to pyruvate)
o ____ (pyruvate to carbon dioxide and NADH)
o ____ (ADP to ATP)

Answer 19

* glycolysis
* TCA Cycle/Krebs/Citric ACID
* Electron Transport Chain/ETC

Question 20

Glucose Metabolism: Three major pathways:

Answer 20

• Hexose monophosphate (HMP, also called pentose phosphate),
• Entner-Doudoroff: (ED), and
• Embden-Meyerhof- Parnas (EMP, also called glycolysis).

Question 21

it is the primary pathway of glucose metabolism

It is an anaerobic pathway that terminates with the production of pyruvate.

Answer 21

Embden-Meyerhof- Parnas (EMP) - glycolisis

Question 22

____

For each ____ molecule, two molecules of ____ are regenerated and 2 molecules of ____ are produced

Answer 22

• Glycolysis
• glucose
• ATP
• pyruvate

Question 23

Utilization of Pyruvate:
* ___enters TCA cycle producing carbon dioxide and NADH.
* ___ is *converted to ethanol, lactic acid, acetone, butanol, or acetic acid (original definition of fermentation)

Answer 23

• Aerobic - pyruvate
• Anaerobic – pyruvate

Question 24

TCA CYCLE
* Called the _____ (TCA) cycle, Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle.
* Two_____ enter cycle
* Four pairs of ____ leave the cycle in four oxidative reactions
* One high energy phosphate bond is formed (_____)
* Two _____ are consumed
*_________ formed is used as reducing power to generate ATP in electron transport chain
* The products of TCA cycle can transform into other _____ molecules.

Answer 24

• tricarboxylic acid
• carbon atoms
• hydrogen atoms
• GTP (Guanosine triphosphate)
• water molecules
• NADH
• biosynthetic

Question 25

**Replenishing Intermediates**: * These intermediates are replaced by ____ reactions (to fill up) * Cells can also **fix carbon dioxide to replace intermediates** (____ carbon dioxide fixation). * ____ **rate** can actually be **limited by carbon dioxide availability**.

Answer 25

* **Anaplerotic reaction** (chemical reactions that replenish intermediates in metabolic pathways) * heterotrophic * Growth

Question 26

**Anaerobic Alternatives:** * ______ can occur by **using nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor** in the ETC. * Many **cells can also generate energy without the ETC**, but with a ______ efficiency.

Answer 26

* anaerobic respiration * lower

Question 27

**No net oxidation or reduction** since electron transport chain is not available to produce NAD+ required in TCA cycle.

Answer 27

Alcohol and Lactate Formation

Question 28

**Generates NADPH** (reducing power for biosynthesis) **and 5 carbon sugars** (make up ATP, RNA, DNA, others).

Answer 28

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Question 29

reducing power for biosynthesis

Answer 29

NADPH

Question 30

Addition of sugars to the protein structure.

Answer 30

Glycosylation

Question 31

Glycolysis reaction

Answer 31

Glucose + 2ATP ---> 2 Pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H2O