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How common drugs work Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Name 3 conditions that ACE-i are used to treat?

A

Hypertension
Heart Failure
Kidney diseases

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2
Q

ACE-i block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II which is a potent ______

A

vasoconstictor

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3
Q

ACE-i causes vasodilation which reduces ______ ______

A

peripheral resistance

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4
Q

ACE-i reduce peripheral resistance which means there is less resistance for the heart to pump blood against, so reduces the ____ _______

A

blood pressure

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5
Q

As well as lowering levels of angiotensin II, ACE-i also decrease the secretion of ______

A

aldosterone

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6
Q

Where is aldosterone made?

A

Zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland

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7
Q

Aldosterone promotes ____ and ____ retention

A

sodium and water

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8
Q

ACE-i decrease secretion of aldosterone which means less sodium and water is retained leading to decreased blood _____ and _____

A

volume
pressure

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9
Q

ACE-i and ARBs have also been shown to have beneficial effects on teh heart preventing adverse c______ r__________ where the structure and function of heart changes in response conditions like heart failure or hypertension

A

cardiac remodelling

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10
Q

Name some common ACE-inhibitors

A

Ramipril
Lisinopril
Enalapril
Perindopril

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11
Q

What does ARBs stand for?

A

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

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12
Q

What are ARBs commonly used to treat?

A

Hypertension
Heart failure
Kidney diseases

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13
Q

ARBs work by blocking the action of angiotensin II at its _____ on blood vessels and other tissues

A

receptors

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14
Q

ARBs block the angiotensin II receptors, blocking its action, leading to v_____

A

vasodilation

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15
Q

Vasodilation due to ARBs leads to decrease in _______ _____ so there is less resistance for heart to pump against

A

peripheral resistance

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16
Q

ARBs also reduce the secretion of _____

A

aldosterone

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17
Q

What are the results of ARBs reducing the secretion of aldosterone?

A

Less sodium and water retention so blood volume decreases and blood pressure is lowered

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18
Q

Name some common ARBs

A

Candesartan
Losartan
Irbesartan
Valsartan

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19
Q

What are CCBs commonly used to treat?

A

Hypertension
Angina
Certain heart arrhythmias

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20
Q

CCBs primarily work by blocking calcium channels in the cells of the ____ and ____ _____

A

heart and blood vessels

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21
Q

What are the calcium channels in the heart and blood vessels responsible for?

A

Allowing calcium ions in for muscle contraction

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22
Q

By blocking calcium channels in smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, CCBs cause…

A

smooth muscle cells to relax leading to vasodilation

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23
Q

Vasodilation caused by CCBs reduces peripheral resistance, making it easier for the heart to pump blood and ultimately resulting in…

A

decreased blood pressure

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24
Q

How do CCBs affect heart muscle itself?

A

Reduced influx of calcium ions leads to decreased force of cardiac contraction.

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25
The decreased force of cardiac contraction from CCBs helps to decrease workload on the heart and reduces ______ demand
oxygen (beneficial in angina)
26
Non-dihydropyridine CCBs also decrease the ____ ____ by inhibiting activity of the SA node. This is helpful in certain heart rhythm disorders where slower heart rate is desired
heart rate
27
Name some common CCBs
Amlodipine Felodipine Nifedipine Diltiazem Verapamil
28
What conditions are thiazide diuretics used to treat?
Hypertension Heart failure Oedema
29
Thiazide diuretics block the ______-______ s______ i the renal tubules
sodium-chloride symporter (NCC)
30
Thiazide diuretics prevent the reabsorption of _____ ions by blocking the NCC in the distal convoluted tubules
sodium
31
Thiazides block sodium reabsorption in the DCTs, promoting excretion of ____ and ____ in the urine
sodium and water
32
Thiazides increase sodium and water excretion which therefore decreases the ____ _____ and ______
blood volume and pressure
33
Thiazide diuretics can cause mild _______ which contributes to reduced blood pressure (mechanism not fully understood)
vasodilation
34
Thiazides decrease blood volume and promote vasodilation, helping to reduce _____ _____ decreasing the load on the heart
peripheral resistance
35
Name some thiazides
Bendroflumethiazide Hydrochlorothiazide Chlortalidone (thiazide-like-diuretic)
36
What are beta-blockers used to treat?
Hypertension Angina Heart failure Certain heart rhythm disorders
37
Beta-blockers block effects of a____ and other similar hormones on b__-_____ receptors in the body
adrenaline beta-adrenergic
38
Beta-adrenergic receptors are found in various tissues including the _____, ____ _____ and ____
heart, blood vessels and kidneys
39
Beta-blockers block beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart , the effect of adrenaline is reduced leading to a decrease in ____ ____
heart rate (useful in hypertension, angina and certain heart arrhythmias)
40
Beta-blockers also reduce the force of contraction of the heart which decreases _____ of heart and reduces _____ demand
workload oxygen (beneficial in angina and heart failure)
41
Beta-blockers can help lower blood pressure by reducing ____ ____ and decreasing the activity of the ___ which regulates heart rate and blood pressure
cardiac output SNS
42
How can beta-blockers help stabilise heart rhythm and prevent arrhthymias?
By slowing electrical conduction in the heart and reducing automaticity of cardiac cells (ability to spontaneously generate electrical impulse)
43
Name some common beta-blockers
Atenolol (selective) Bisoprolol (selective) Metoprolol Propranolol (non-selective) Carvedilol (non-selective)
44
When are beta-blockers contraindicated?
Asthma (as beta-blockers can cause bronchoconstriction) Heart block Bradycardia
45
Alpha blockers are also known as alpha-adrenergic a_____
antagonists
46
What conditions are alpha blockers used to treat?
Hypertension BPH Certain circulatory disorders
47
Alpha blockers work by blocking adrenaline and noradrenaline at alpha-adrenergic receptors found on ____ _____ cells in blood vessels and other tissues
smooth muscle cells
48
Alpha-blockers causes relaxation of muscles leading to _____ which reduces peripheral resistance.
vasodilation
49
How are alpha blockers useful for BPH?
Relax smooth muscle in prostate gland and bladder neck to improve urinary flow
50
How may alpha blockers help manage circulatory disorders like Raynaud's disease and peripheral vascular disease?
Promoting vasodilation and improving blood flow to affected areas
51
Name some common alpha-blockers
Doxazosin Prazosin Terazosin
52
What conditions are loop diuretics used to treat?
Heart failure Kidney disease Oedema
53
Loop diuretics work primarily by inhibiting which transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Sodium-Potassium-Chloride co-transporter (NKCC2)
54
What does the NKCC2 normally do?
Reabsorbs sodium, potassium and chloride ions from the urine back into the bloodstream
55
Loop diuretics inhibit the NKCC2 transporter so prevent the reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chloride ions leading to increased excretion of these ions and ____
water
56
Loop diuretics result in a significant increase in _____ ____ and reduction in ____ ______
urine volume blood volume
57
True or false: loop diuretics are considered the most potent diuretics available
True Capable of producing rapid and substantial increase in urine output
58
Loop diuretics increase urine output and reduce blood volume so can help reduce _____ in tissues and lower blood pressure
oedema
59
Loop diuretics can can cause h______, h______ and h______ due to increased excretion
hypokalaemia hyponatraemia hypomagnesemia Electrolyte levels should be monitored regularly and supplementation may be required
60
Name some common loop diuretics
Furosemide Bumetanide Torasemide
61
What conditions are potassium-sparing diuretics used to treat?
Hypertension and heart failure
62
Potassium-sparing diuretics block ___ channels in the ___ and _____ ____ of the kidneys
sodium DCT and collecting ducts
63
Potassium-sparing diuretics blocking sodium channels prevents reabsorption of sodium back into the blood so less ____ is reabsorbed leading to ______ urine production
water increased
64
Potassium-sparing diuretics do not promote significant _____ secretion in the urine by blocking the exchange of ____ for _____ in the kidney tubules
potassium sodium for potassium
65
When is it particularly useful to use a potassium-sparing diuretic?
Those at risk of potassium depletion: Heart failure Liver disease Other meds that cause potassium loss
66
Some potassium-sparing diuretics are also _____ antagonists so can further reduce sodium reabsorption and potassium loss as well as exert beneficial effects on the heart and blood vessels
aldosterone
67
Name some common potassium-sparing diuretics
Spironolactone Amiloride Eplerenone
68
What conditions are statins prescribed to manage?
Primarily used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood Lowers risk of cardiovascular events like heart attacks and strokes
69
Statins work by inhibiting what enzyme?
HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase) Plays key role in liver's production of cholesterol
70
Statin inhibits HMG-CoA reductase thereby reducing the liver's production of cholesterol and lower levels of ___ cholesterol in the bloodstream
LDL (low-density lipoprotein)
71
How do cells in the liver respond to the decrease in cholesterol synthesis due to statins?
Increase the expression of LDL receptors on their surface which help remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream and facilitating uptake into liver cells So statins enhance clearance of LDL cholesterol from the blood
72
True or false: statins lower HDL cholesterol whilst moderately increasing LDL cholesterol
False Statins lower LDL cholesterol whilst moderately increasing HDL cholesterol
73
Statins may have anti-_____ and antioxidant effects too helping stabilise atherosclerotic plaques reducing the risk of cardiovascular events
inflammatory
74
Name some common statins
Atorvastatin Simvastatin Rosuvastatin Pravastatin

2a Cardio (36 decks)

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