How Far Did The Relationship Between The Crown And The Country Change Between 1485 And 1603? Flashcards
1
Q
By Elizabeth’s reign, what new type of nobleman had emerged?
A
Courtiers
2
Q
What was the monarch’s aim of increasing relations with nobles?
A
To prevent the nobility from raising an army against the Crown
3
Q
What were the nobility reliant on the Crown for?
A
For favour and access to patronage
4
Q
How was the role of the gentry in local government enhanced?
A
Ran local government through their roles as JPs
5
Q
Henry VII on the nobility:
A
Distrust. Reluctant to give out many rewards and preferred to use a small group of trusted nobility
6
Q
Who was Henry’s most trusted nobility?
A
Uncle Jasper Tudor
7
Q
What did Jasper control?
A
Wales and the Marches
8
Q
What did Henry promote Jasper Tudor to?
A
Duke of Bedford
9
Q
What title did Jasper have before his promotion?
A
Earl of Pembroke
10
Q
When did Jasper Tudor die childless?
A
1495
11
Q
What happened to the title of Duke of Bedford after Jasper died?
A
Henry let the title lapse, and Bedford’s considerable lands and possessions in Wakes returned to the crown, enhancing Henry’s ability to control this region and adding to the crown’s wealth
12
Q
Sir Reginald Bray:
A
He was the Royal councillor and the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster that was rewarded by Henry, thus able to acquire lands
13
Q
How many countries was Sir Reginaldo Bray able to acquire land in?
A
18 countries
14
Q
How much income per annum was Sir Reginald Bray able to acquire due to his rewards?
A
£1,000 per annum
15
Q
Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey: (3)
A
- Fought against Henry at Bosworth and imprisoned in the Tower
- Howard refused to take the opportunity to escape and join the 1487 rebellion against Henry and was rewarded by being released and given back some of his estates in East Anglia
- Restored to his title of Earl
16
Q
How does the treatment of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey demonstrate Henry’s distrustful attitude?
A
- Henry was not prepared to restore Surrey’s full lands and titles (his father’s position as Duke of Norfolk) to him
- Until 1499, he wasn’t prepared to allow Surrey to control the region where his estates were most extensive
17
Q
Where did Henry VII send Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey?
A
North
18
Q
Once Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey proved his loyalty, what was he rewarded? (2)
A
- Allowed him to return to his traditional estates
- Made a councillor in 1501 and served Henry VII for the rest of his reign
19
Q
When was Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey given the position duke?
A
In 1513, during the reign of Henry VIII as a reward for leading Henry VIII’s army against the Scots in the important English victory of Flodden
20
Q
What did the number of Noble family representatives drop to?
A
55 to 42
21
Q
Henry VIII on nobility:
A
Saw them as companions and very generous with his grants
22
Q
How did Henry VIII treat the nobility?
A
Like his friends
23
Q
What did the chamber become under Henry VIII?
A
Increasingly politicised (the men serving the new king were also his friends)
24
Q
How did the relationship between Henry VIII and the nobility give the nobility more power and influence?
A
The nobility were now able to influence the king informally
25
Sir William Crompton:
Gentleman of the Chamber and Groom of the Stool was able to raise his income from his estates from £10 a year to nearly £1,700 a year by acquiring grants of royal lands and offices
26
How did Crompton’s family benefit from Crompton’s success?
His grandson was promoted into peerage by Elizabeth I
27
Charles Brandon: (2)
- Brandon’s father had been killed at Bosworth fighting for Henry VII
- Henry VIII and Brandon grew up together and so he was rewarded generously, making him the Duke of Suffolk and granting him extensive estates in East Anglia
28
How did Henry use his good relationship with Suffolk to extend his control in the localities?
Henry granted him estates in Lincolnshire due to the Pilgrimage of Grace and so Henry needed Suffolk there to reassert royal power through a trusted member of the King’s Court
29
Henry’s chief ministers:
Thomas Wolsey or Thomas Cromwell
30
How was the role of the nobility starting to change?
Power and influence were dictated by the ability to gain access to Henry or to one of his chief ministers, which led to a group of men who owed their positions to their influence at Court rather than because of their landed estates
31
William Paget and Thomas Wriothesley:
Rose to the top because of their legal expertise not because of their traditional military background and the basis of their power was their personal relationship with Henry
32
How was the power of the traditional nobility undermined?
By royal attacks on those whom Henry distrusted
33
The Duke of Buckingham:
Executed for treason in 1521, and his lands in Wales and the Marches were forfeited to the king
34
Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland:
Suffered from repeated bouts of ill health and was in debt and was persuaded to bequeath his estates to the king
35
What estates did the crown traditionally hold?
Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall
36
How did the sale of monastic lands help to strengthen the royal position?
Used to create a group of gentry and nobility who had a vested interest in supporting the royal supremacy and break with Rome because they benefited from it.
37
Sir John Russell: (3)
- Spent his life in service of Henry VIII, as a gentlemen of the Bedchamber, a diplomat and a soldier.
- In the 1530s, Henry used his control of the Ducky of Cornwall to grant Russell a series of offices in the South West
- Was made Baron Russell
38
How did Russell's rise continue under Edward VI?
He was made Earl of Bedford
39
Disadvantages of the Tudor system of patronage: (2)
- It relied on the presence of a strong, active and decisive monarch who promoted men who were both reliable and loyal
- When patronage was handled poorly, it would cause jealously and lead to political instability
40
What rivalry was there under Henry VIII?
Between factions formed of members of the nobility, who each wanted to influence Henry’s policy, especially his religious policy.
41
Reformer faction:
Led by Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, and tended to support a reformer line
42
Conservative faction:
Favoured a return to Rome, led by the third Duke of Norfolk.
43
What did the factions attempt to do?
Each side tried to use its influence with the king to gain patronage for its own followers and to undermine its rivals
44
Which faction ultimately won?
Seymour’s faction
45
How did the Conservative faction manipulate Henry VIII?
Used their control of access to the dying Henry VIII to manipulate the royal will in Seymour’s favour
46
How did the Seymour faction gain more power by Henry VIII’s will?
- Henry had wanted a regency council to rule while his son was a minor but Seymour and his group were in such power that they were able to override this
- Seymour made himself Lord Protector and Duke of Somerset and used his control of patronage to reward his own supporters
47
How did Seymour reward his own supporters?
John Dudley, Viscount Lisle, was made Earl of Warwick
48
How does Seymour’s rise show how Henry’s patronage created a member of the nobility who was too powerful?
Seymour now had complete control of patronage and access to a young king and was able to further his own career at the expense of the king’s will
49
How did the patronage of Henry VII and Henry VIII succeed in. Resting loyalty to the Tudor monarchy and weakening the traditional military power of the nobility?
Neither Seymour nor Dudley was able to raise an army in support of their ambitions, and were both executed for treason
50
How was the nobility under Elizabeth structured?
They were both courtiers and politicians, active locally and in central government
51
What did William Cecil lead?
A key group of noblemen who served Elizabeth as councillors, MPs, Lord Lieutenants and JPs.
52
What did the group of nobility under Cecil gain?
Multiple positions and drew their power and influence from their close working relationship with the Queen
53
What multiple positions did William Cecil hold?
A JP in Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire
54
What multiple positions did the Earl of Bedford hold?
Acted as a JP in Devon and Cornwall
55
How did Elizabeth not being married change the relationship she had with nobility? And how did this benefit her? (2)
- Her ‘favourites’ were men with whom she had flirtatious relationships and who weee expected to admire her unconditionally
- this was a good way for Elizabeth to keep control as a woman in a man’s world
56
Robert Dudley and Elizabeth: (3)
- Dudley is best known as a potential husband for Elizabeth and had personal access to her presence and was in her Master of the Horse, which meant he rose beside her when she travelled
- Member of the Royal, Household
- In 1562, he became a Privy councillor as well
- A landowner with considerable estates in the Midlands and Wales
57
What did Dudley receive from Elizabeth?
He received generous grants, such as Kenilworth Castle and Denbigh in Wales and given control in the region around Chester
58
How were the South West and Wales under royal control?
Through the Russell and Dudley families
59
Why were the Northern nobilities a threat?
Some nobles such as Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, had Catholic sympathies
60
What did Elizabeth do to reduce Catholic sympathies in the North? With examples (2)
Imposed southern ‘outsiders’ on the North:
- Elizabeth’s cousin Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon, was put in charge of the key fortress of Berwick
- Francis Russell, Earl of Bedford, was named Warden of the East March
61
What happened to the northern nobility?
Deprived of their positions. Thomas Percy lost the warden ship of the Middle March
62
How did the policy of government intervention in the North backfire on Elizabeth?
Caused resentment among the northern nobility and led to a court-based plot against William Cecil
63
Henry Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon: (2)
- Made head of the reformed Council of the North
- Used support from the Queen to enforce a crack down on Catholic recusancy, to promote Protestantism and to improve the government in the North
64
Why did Elizabeth system of patronage begin to break down in the 1590s? (2)
- Many of her trusted councillors had died by 1590, including Robert Dudley and Francis Walsingham
- William Cecil was incapacitated by ill health
65
Who replaced Cecil and Dudley in Elizabeth’s council?
Robert Cecil and Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex
66
Was the relationship between Robert Cecil and the Earl of Essex peaceful?
No. Rivalry began between them over the control of patronage and cause serious political tension
67
What was the outcome of the tension between Robert Cecil and the Earl of Sussex?
Essex rebelled and executed in 1601
68
How did William Cecil use his position of influence with the Queen to advance his son’s career?
In 1591, the queen admitted Robert Cecil to the Privy Council
69
What did Robert Cecil hoped to be appointed as?
- Queen’s secretary, a position that had been held by Walsingham until his death in 1590
- Given this position in 1596
70
Robert Deverux, Earl of Sussex: (4)
- Was not well-off and depended on the royal patronage
- 1578 - given the lucrative monopoly on sweet wines
- 1593 - appointed to the council
- Also became Lord lieutenant
71
How were the Cecil’s able to build up a lot of wealth?
- Monopolised so many positions in government
- Until 1596, he was Lord Treasurer, Master of Court of Wards, and acting secretary
72
What did Essex do in 1691?
Essex and about 140 supporters planned to use an armed force to surround and capture the Court and Queen
73
Did Essex’s Court Plot succeed?
No. Did not gather any popular support and was executed for treason, leaving the Cecil faction dominant at Court
74
What does Essex’s rebellion prove? (2)
- A mismanagement of the system of patronage could lead to serious political instability
- However it also shows the loyalty which the monarchs had generated as Essex could not gain support
75
What did the failure of the Essex rebellion prove about patronage?
Shows the loyalty the Tudor monarchs had generated and also the changing role of the nobility, who were now completely reliant for power on access to the monarch at Court
