how oxygen is transported in the blood AO3

Question 1

what is haemaglobin?

Answer 1

a cell that carries around oxygen

a group of conjugated proteins that have a quantary structure.

Question 2

structure of haemaglobin

Answer 2

made up of 4 polypeptide chains of 2 types:
- alpha
- beta
polypeptide chain is combined with a haem
haem group is able to combine with 1 oxygen molecule (process called oxygenation)

Question 3

what are the 4 structures of haemaglobin

Answer 3

primary- 4 polypeptide chains
secondary- polypeptide chain coiled into helix
tetiary- Each polypeptide chain is folded into precise shape (important to be able to carry oxygen)
quantary- Four polypeptide chains are linked together to form almost spherical molecule.

Question 4

why does oxygen have to be carried by haemaglobin?

Answer 4

haemaglobin is able to carry the most oxygen in the body as oxygen doesn’t dissolve.

Question 5

what is the bohr effect?

Answer 5

• CO2 given off oxygen readily from haemaglobin due to reduced affinity of oxygen. causes bohr shift to shift curve right due to using lots of O2.
  Left shift occurs in low O2 environment, high altitude, deep water and for foetus’s

Question 6

how is oxygen transportation affected at high altitude in training?

Answer 6

more haemaglobin made- carries more oxygen to respiring cells and muscle contractions.

Question 7

what is the normal range for oxygen saturation?

Answer 7

95-99%

Question 8

name a non-invasive method of measuring oxygen saturation.

Answer 8

pulse oximeter

Question 9

how is oxygenation determined by the partial pressure of haemaglobin?

Answer 9

degree of oxygenation of haemoglobin is determined by the partial pressure of oxygen p(O2) in the immediate surroundings.

Question 10

how is oxygen carried by haemaglobin? (use oxygen dissotation curve).

Answer 10

• Haemoglobin is loaded with oxygen in the lungs
• Haemoglobin retains oxygen and transports it in the blood circulatory system from the lungs to respiring tissue.
• Haemoglobin unloads oxygen in respiring tissue

Question 11

effects of cystic fibrosis and emphysema on oxygen saturation levels

Answer 11

low oxygen saturation levels

Question 12

how to use a sphygmanometer (blood pressure machine)

Answer 12

• put the cuff on and pull up to the top of the arm.
• press the on button on the machine
• relax the arm- cuff will tighten
• wait for cuff to deflate - then the result will be given.
• remove the cuff once finished and write down the result.

Question 13

effects of high and low blood pressure on health

Answer 13

high blood pressure - can cause hypertension can lead to strokes and heart attacks. can cause damage to arteries narrow/damaged arteries and anerysm
low blood pressure - can cause dizziness, nausea, fainting.