Muscles AO2

Question 1

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Answer 1

Protect
Movement
Support

Question 2

Types of muscles:

Answer 2

Cardiac-(heart tissue)
Strained/skeletal -(muscles under conscious control. Pretend attached to bone)
Smooth/involuntary-(controlled by the nervous system)

Question 3

What are bones attached

Answer 3

Bones are joined to bone by ligaments

Question 4

How are muscles joined to bone?

Answer 4

Muscles are joined to bones by tendons

Question 5

What is flexion?

Answer 5

Bending

Question 6

What is extension?

Answer 6

Opposite of flexion- straightening

Question 7

How do muscles work?

Answer 7

In antagonistic pairs

Question 8

Where does a motor neurone connect to the muscle to a specialised set of synapses.

Answer 8

Motor end plate

Question 9

What is a muscle?

Answer 9

A muscle is an organ made up of different tissues

Question 10

What are muscles made up of?

Answer 10

Muscles are made up of muscle fibres

Question 11

What are muscle fibres packed with?

Answer 11

Myofibrils

Question 12

What are myofibrils?

Answer 12

Myofibrils are made up of two muscles filaments called actin and myosin

Question 13

What are myofibrils divide functional units called?

Answer 13

Sarcomere

Question 14

How do muscles contract?

Answer 14

• Tropomyosin blocks actin-myosin binding site
• Ca2+ binds to tropomyosin, pulling it out of the way
• myosin head is able to bind with actin-myosin filament
• Ca2+ activates ATPase (enables head to move)
• ATP binds to head (changes shape)
• ATP hydrolysed, head returns to shape
• when stimulation stops Ca2+ is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (muscle relax)

Question 15

Types of muscles

Answer 15

cardiac - muscle tissue in heart
smooth or involuntry- controlled by the automated nervous system, E.g. blood vessels
striated or skeletal- under conscious control. attached to the bone and enable movement.

Question 16

what is cartilage

Answer 16

• acts as a lubricant between bones to stop them from rubbing.
• connective tissue in joints

Question 17

what are tendons?

Answer 17

they are connective tissue that transmit mechanical force of muscle contraction to the bones.

Question 18

what is the role of calcium?

Answer 18

• stops myosin head from binding to binding site
• nerve impulses cause calcium ions to be released
• makes the tropomysin change shape
• calcium ions bind with the troponin

Question 19

name the different actin filaments

Answer 19

H band
I band
A band
Z line

Question 20

what are slow twitch fibres

Answer 20

• designed for aerobic exercise
• resistant to fatigue, muscle contracts are slow
• Higher capacity of aerobic respiration
• marathon runners and swimmers use these
• high levels of myoglobin
• lots of muscle contraction in a short period of time

Question 21

how is phosphate creatine regenerated in aerobic respiration?

Answer 21

Phosphate creatine is regenerated from ATP at rest.

Question 22

how is ATP made?

Answer 22

phosphate creatine is broken down and gives its energy which releases phosphate ions which is makes ATP.