HPL Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Where does cosmic radiation come from? Select the most complete answer.
1- Sun and galaxy
2- Sun, galaxy and Moon
3- Sun
4- Sun, Moon and planets
A
Sun and galaxy
-Solar radiation may be constant and random (w/ 11 year cycles)
-Galactic radiation is always constant
2
Q
Which of the following is true regarding the accessibility of engines for maintenance?
1- It is acknowledged in the Shell model because it concerns people interacting with aircraft
2- It is acknowledged in the Shell model because it affects flight safety
3- It is not acknowledged in the Shell model because engine maintenance is not a part of the pilot’s duties
4- It is not acknowledged in the Shell model, because the Shell model only describes the psychological safety factors.
A
It is acknowledged in the Shell model because it concerns people interacting with aircraft
SHELL model
S = Software (checklists, SOPs, rules, laws…)
H = Hardware (control panel, aircraft design, engines…)
E = Environment (nature + social and economic)
L = Liveware (pilot)
L = Liveware (crew, controllers, managers, maintenance personnel)
3
Q
Which statement describes the International Standard Atmosphere?
1- Pressure falls with altitude in the whole atmosphere, temperature falls in the troposphere but remains constant in the stratosphere until upper limit of ICAO ISA
2- Temperature falls with altitude in the whole atmosphere, pressure falls in the troposphere but remains constant in the stratosphere
3- Both pressure and temperature fall with rising altitude in the tropsphere and remain constant in the stratosphere
4- Pressure falls with altitude in the whole atmosphere, temperature falls in tropsphere and rises in strastosphere
A
Pressure falls with altitude in the whole atmosphere, temperature falls in the troposphere but remains constant in the stratosphere until upper limit of ICAO ISA
4
Q
Up to what altitude does the atmosphere composition remain constant?
1- 50,000 ft
2- 100,000 ft
3- 36,000 ft
4- 70,000 ft
A
70,000 ft
78% Nitrogen,
21% O2,
1% other
5
Q
Which of the following is true regarding ozone?
1- It is usually found in mesosphere
2- It consists of a single oxygen atom
3- It consists of 3 oxygen atoms
4- It is safe to breathe in 100% concentration
A
It consists of 3 oxygen atoms
O3
Ozone layer found in stratosphere
6
Q
At what altitude does air pressure fall to 50% of sea level pressure?
1- 18,000 ft
2- 25,000 ft
3- 8,000 ft
4- 36,000 ft
A
18,000 ft
8000 ft = 75% of sea level pressure
18000ft = 50% of sea level pressure
27000ft = 33% of sea level pressure
36000ft = 25% of sea level pressure
7
Q
What relative humidity is required for human comfort?
1- 40% - 60%
2- 20% - 40%
3- More than 10%
4- More than 75%
A
40% - 60%
In pressurized aircraft humidity = 5 - 15%
8
Q
What percentage (approximately) of aviation accidents since the 1980s was caused by human factors?
1- 0.95
2- 0.8
3- 0.5
4- 0.3
A
0.8
70 - 80%
9
Q
What is the composition of Earth’s atmosphere?
1- Nitrogen 76% Oxygen 23%, Other 1%
2- Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21%, Other 1%
3- Nitrogen 76%, Oxygen 22%, Other 1%
4- Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 20%, Other 2%
A
Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21%, Other 1%
Remains constant up to 70 000ft
10
Q
Why is Reason’s accident causation model called the ‘Swiss Cheese Model’?
1- Because Reason was a Swiss psychologist
2- Because errors are layered in this model and accidents are represented by holes.
3- Because it was first introduced by Swiss national airlines
4- Because it features holes in multiple layers of error defence
A
Because it features holes in multiple layers of error defence
11
Q
What is anaemia?
1- Lack of white blood cells in the blood
2- Lack of haemoglobin or red blood cells in the blood
3- Lack of platelets in the blood
4- Lack of vitamin B12 and iron
A
Lack of haemoglobin or red blood cells in the blood
12
Q
When taking a deep breath, how much air can a healthy male inhale?
1- 3500 ml
2- 2500 ml
3- 1500 ml
4- 4500 ml
A
3500 ml
Inspiratory capacity = Tidal volume (500mL) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (3000 mL)
13
Q
What is the percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air at sea level?
1- 14% oxygen and 5.3% carbon dioxide
2- 21% oxygen and 0.4% carbon dioxide
3- 21% oxygen and 5.3% carbon dioxide
4- 16% oxygen and 4.3% carbon dioxide
A
14% oxygen and 5.3% carbon dioxide
14
Q
Breathing pure oxygen in an unpressurised aircraft at 30,000 ft is equivalent to breathing normal air at what altitude?
1- Sea level
2- 5,000 ft
3- 10,000 ft
4- 15,000 ft
A
Sea level
-Hypoxia is prevented by additional O2 above 10 000ft
-Above 40 000ft need O2 + pressure
100% O2 at 30 000ft = Sea level ambient air
100% O2 at 40 000ft = 10 000ft ambiente air
15
Q
Breathing pure oxygen in an unpressurised aircraft at 40,000 ft is equivalent to breathing normal air at what altitude?
1- Sea level
2- 5,000 ft
3- 10,000 ft
4- 20,000 ft
A
10,000 ft
-Hypoxia is prevented by additional O2 above 10 000ft
-Above 40 000ft need O2 + pressure
100% O2 at 30 000ft = Sea level ambient air
100% O2 at 40 000ft = 10 000ft ambiente air
16
Q
What is the aorta?
1- The artery that moves blood form the heart to the lungs
2- The biggest vein of the body, connected to the heart
3- The biggest arteriy of a body, connected to the heart
4- The vein that moves blood from the lungs to the heart
A
The biggest arteriy of a body, connected to the heart
17
Q
What should you NOT do to counteract hyperventilation?
1- Breathe into a bag
2- Attempt to take a deep breath
3- Speak loudly
4- Breathe calmly
A
Attempt to take a deep breath
hyperventilation causes decreased pCO2 –> decreased carbonic acid –> blood alkaline
18
Q
What is the leading factor increasing the risk of coronary heart disease?
1- Smoking
2- Hypotension
3- Family history of illness
4- Obesity
A
Obesity
Leading cause of stroke = HTA
19
Q
Which statement describes carbon monoxide?
1- It is toxic, but easy to detect as it has a characteristic smell
2- It is a harmless, odorless and colorless gas that is a product of fuel combustion.
3- It is toxic as it binds with haemoglobin, blocking it from carrying oxygen
4- It is deadly as it fills the alveoli preventing oxygen from entering the bloodstream
A
It is toxic as it binds with haemoglobin, blocking it from carrying oxygen
Hb has 250x more affinity for CO compared to O2
20
Q
Humans are most resistant to acceleration in what direction?
1- Positive Y
2- Positive Z
3- Positive X
4- Negative X
A
Positive X
positive x = accelerating in a car ( X –>)
negative x = braking in a car (<– X)
21
Q
What is the initial symptom of hypoxia?
1- Blue tinged lips and fingers
2- Joint pain
3- Stomach cramps
4- Pain in the forehead
A
Blue tinged lips and fingers
21
Q
What is the most common direction of acceleration experienced in flight?
1- Positive X
2- Positive Z
3- Positive Y
4- Negative X
A
Positive Z
-POSITIVE Z (moving down) = blood goes to the feet –> Grey out (2-3G) –> Tunne vision –> Black-out (5G) –> Unconsciousness (G-LOC)
-NEGATIVE Z (moving up) = blood goes to the head –> Red-out –> Facial pain –> SOB –> Haemorragic stroke
21
Q
What is the minimum partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli for an untrained human?
1- 103 mmHg
2- 25 mmHg
3- 160 mmHg
4- 55 mmHg
A
55 mmHg
22
Q
What is the route of deoxygenated blood in the human body?
1- From the body through the left atrium and left ventricle into the lungs
2- From the body, through both ventricles, into the lungs
3- From the lungs through right atrium and left ventricle into the body
4- From the body, through right atrium and right ventricle into the lungs
A
From the body, through right atrium and right ventricle into the lungs
23
***What is black-out caused by?***
1- Positive Z acceleration and blood deprivation of the eyes and brain
2- Positive Z acceleration and blood pooling up in the eyes and head
3- Negative Z acceleration and blood pooling up in the eyes and head
4- Positive Y acceleration and blood deprivation of the eyes and brain
Positive Z acceleration and blood pooling up in the eyes and head
## Footnote
-POSITIVE Z (moving down) = blood goes to the feet --> Grey out (2-3G) --> Tunne vision --> Black-out (5G) --> Unconsciousness (G-LOC)
-NEGATIVE Z (moving up) = blood goes to the head --> Red-out --> Facial pain --> SOB --> Haemorragic stroke
24
***Where does oxygen pass into the blood?***
1- In the bronchi
2- In the alveoli
3- In the trachea
4- On the diaphragm
In the alveoli
25
***What is the cardiac output of an average adult?***
1- 5 l/min
2- 50 ml/second
3- 3 l/min
4- 0,5l/s
5 l/min
## Footnote
CO = SV (70ml) * HR
26
***What is the route of oxygenated blood in the human body?***
1- From the lungs, through left atrium and left ventricle into the body
2- From the body through the left atrium and left ventricle into the lungs
3- From the lungs, through right atrium and right ventricle into the body
4- From the lungs, through both ventricles, into the body
From the lungs, through left atrium and left ventricle into the body
27
***What are the types of blood cells?***
1- Red blood cells and platelets
2- Red blood cells and white blood cells
3- Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
4- Red blood cells, white blood cells and yellow blood cells
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
28
***What is the normal blood pressure of a healthy adult?***
1- 120/80
2- 140/60
3- 80/120
4- 60/140
120/80
29
***How does smoking affect hypoxia?***
1- Smoking does not affect hypoxia
2- Smokers experience hypoxia
symptoms later than nonsmokers
3- Smokers experience hypoxia symptoms sooner than nosmokers
4- Smoking delays the onset of hypoxia but makes the symptoms harsher.
Smokers experience hypoxia symptoms sooner than nosmokers
30
***In what unit is blood pressure usually given?***
1- bar
2- mmHg
3- Atmospheres
4- Hectopascals
mmHg
31
***If you feel alternately cold and hot, dizzy, anxious, tingly in the hands and feet and breathe rapidly, what might you be suffering from?***
1- Hyperventillation
2- Hypoxia
3- Cyanosis
4- Anaemia
Hyperventillation
32
***What noise level is the threshold of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss?***
1- 90 dB
2- 80 dB
3- 100 dB
4- 120 dB
90 dB
## Footnote
NIHL = Wear of hair cells (loss of stereocillia)
Factors affecting NIHL:
- Exposure to heavy noise (>85dB) --> max recommended exposure time = 8h
- Duration
33
***What does the visual acuity of 6/12 mean?***
1- A person sees better than average
2- A person sees worse than average
3- A person sees an average
4- A person sees worse than average at seeing close objects but better than average at seeing distant objects
A person sees worse than average
34
***What are rods in the eye?***
1- Structural elements that give the eye its shape
2- Light sensitive cells that only activate when there is enough light
3- Light sensitive cells that cannot distinguish colours
4- Structural elements that hold the iris in place
Light sensitive cells that cannot distinguish colours
## Footnote
Responsible for SCOTOPIC (shades of gray) and NIGHT vision
Highest concentration at 10-20º from fovea (best visual accuity in the dark)
35
***Where is the blindspot located?***
1- On the retina, in the place where the optic nerve enters the eye
2- On the retina, directly in front of the pupil
3- In the fovea
4- In the middle of the cornea
On the retina, in the place where the optic nerve enters the eye
## Footnote
Blue, violet and UV light can cause damage to the retina!
36
***Which tones are affected by old age hearing loss first?***
1- Low tones first
2- High tones first
3- All tones at the same time
4- High and low tones first, leaving only the intermediate range
High tones first
## Footnote
"High age = High tones"
37
***How does colour blindness affect both sexes?***
1- It affects men more frequently than women
2- It affects both sexes equally
3- It affects women more frequently than man
4- It affects different colours in men and women
It affects men more frequently than women
## Footnote
Linked to X chromossome --> men are more likey to have disease, women may be just carriers.
38
***What colours and types of light cause damage to the retina?***
1- Orange, red and infrared
2- Blue, violet and ultraviolet
3- Yellow light from the sun
4- White light from incandescent lightbulbs
Blue, violet and ultraviolet
39
***Which statement describes eye adaptation?***
1- It takes longer from dark to light conditions than vice versa
2- It can take up to 5 minutes for going from dark to bright conditions and up to 10 minutes when going from bright to dark conditions
3- It takes the same amount of time from bright to dark conditions and vice versa
4- It takes about 30 minutes when going from bright to dark conditions and 10 seconds when going from dark to bright conditions
It takes about 30 minutes when going from bright to dark conditions and 10 seconds when going from dark to bright conditions
## Footnote
Adaptation = adjustment of eyes to high or low levels of illumination (achieved by pupils contraction or dilation)
-Darkness to light = 10 s
-Light to darkness = 30 min
40
***When does a pilot need to have a second pair of corrective glasses?***
1- When flying in corrective glasses, sunglasses or contact lenses
2- Always
3- When flying in corrective glasses or corrective contact lenses
4- When flying in glasses
When flying in corrective glasses or corrective contact lenses
41
***What does Central Nervous System consist of?***
1- Spinal cord
2- Brain
3- Brain and spinal cord
4- Brain, spinal cord and nerve endings
Brain and spinal cord
42
***What is the EASA's limit of blood alcohol concentration for flying?***
1- 0
2- 0.05%
3- 0.02%
4- 0.01%
0.02%
| 20mg/100mL
## Footnote
Liver elimination (cannot be sped up!) = 10-15mg/h
43
***In what phase of sleep do dreams appear?***
1- Non-REM phase
2- Stage 4 of sleep
3- Deep sleep
4- REM phase
REM phase
## Footnote
-REM is the most important stage
-Brain is highly active
-Memory consolidation
44
***Food poisoning usually sets in after what time?***
1- About 90 minutes
2- About 5 minutes
3- About 6 hours
4- About 30 minutes
About 90 minutes
## Footnote
Symptoms = Vomitting, nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain, anorexia
45
46
***Which of these contain caffeine?***
1- Coffee, tea, chocolate, coca-cola style soda
2- Coffee, tea, chocolate
3- Coffee and tea
4- Coffee and coca-cola style soda
Coffee, tea, chocolate, coca-cola style soda
47
***Which of the following substances enter the lungs when smoking a cigarette?
1- Nicotine and carbon monoxide
2- Tar, benzopyrene and carbon monoxide
3- Nicotine, carbon monoxide and ozone
4- Nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide
Nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide
48
***How long does a circadian rhythm without outside stimuli take?***
1- 24 hours
2- 25 hours
3- 50 hours
4- 48 hours
25 hours
## Footnote
Free running = 24h (up to 48h)
In isolation = 25h
Lasts longer when travelling WEST
Lasts shorter when travelling EAST
Adjustment = 90 min /day
49
***How can the alcohol elimination rate be sped up?***
1- It cannot be speed up
2- By drinking black coffee
3- By taking a cold shower or breathing pure oxygen
4- By drinking black coffee, taking a cold shower or breathing pure oxygen
It cannot be speed up
50
***What is barotrauma caused by?***
1- By the liquid inside a body expanding when the pressure decreases
2- By the gas inside a body expanding when the temperature increases
3- By the gas inside a body expanding when the pressure increases
4- By the gas inside a body expanding when the pressure decreases
By the gas inside a body expanding when the pressure decreases
51
***Which of the following medications can be combined with alcohol intake?***
1- Vitamin C, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and paracetamol/acetaminophen
2- Ibuprofen and vitamin A
3- Codeine and paracetamol/acetominophen
4- Vitamin C and A
Vitamin C and A
## Footnote
paracetamol = Hepatotoxicity
Codeine = breathing center depression
Ibuprofen = Peptic ulcers
52
***What is the BMI of a person that weighs 100 kg and is 2 m tall?***
1- 20
2- 25
3- 22.5
4- 20
25
## Footnote
kg / m2
53
# ****
***What are mnemonics?***
1- Techniques used to improve long-term memory
2- Smallest bits of information that a human can memorise
3- The connections between different memories held in our brains
4- Memory neurons in our brains
Techniques used to improve long-term memory
54
***What is a somatogravic illusion?***
1- It is an illusion of aircraft pitching up when accelerating and pitching down when decelerating
2- It is an illusion of aircraft pitching down when accelerating and pitching up when decelerating
3- It is an illusion of the aircraft being in turn when it is flying straight and level
4- It is an illusion of a banked horizon when in clouds
It is an illusion of aircraft pitching up when accelerating and pitching down when decelerating
## Footnote
Accelerating = Feels like climbing (pitch up)
Deccelerating = Feels like descending (pitch down)
Turning = Feels like climbing
55
***What is 'the leans' illusion?***
1- It is an illusion of aircraft pitching down when accelerating and pitching up when decelerating
2- It is an illusion of aircraft flying straight when it is in a prolonged steady turn
3- It is the illusion of a banked horizon when in clouds
4- It is an illusion of aircraft pitching up when accelerating and pitching down when decelerating
It is an illusion of aircraft flying straight when it is in a prolonged steady turn
## Footnote
Somatogyral illusions (perception of turn):
-The leans (30 sec)
- Opposite turn
- Coriolis
56
***Which of the memory types fades most quickly?***
1- Sensory
2- Episodic
3- Short-term
4- Semantic
Sensory
## Footnote
Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)
-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity
-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) --> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation
-Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
-Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!
57
***What is episodic memory?***
1- It is the memory of events from our lives, held in long-term memory
2- It is the memory of events from our lives, held in short-term memory
3- It is the short-term memory of the stimulus received
4- It is another name for long-term memory
It is the memory of events from our lives, held in long-term memory
## Footnote
Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)
-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity
-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) --> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation
-Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
-Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!
58
***What is vigilance?***
1- It is the ability to focus on a task or an idea
2- It is the degree of activation of the nervous system
3- It is the ability to avoid distractions and maintain focus.
4- It is another name for attention.
It is the degree of activation of the nervous system
## Footnote
Vigilance = Level of alertness
Attention = Concentration of thought (selective Vs divided)
59
***Our perception is .***
1- subjective or objective, depending on the situation
2- objective
3- subjective
4- impossible to characterise as subjective or objective
subjective
60
***How many items can a human hold in short-term memory?***
1- 2 to 5
2- 7 to 12
3- Unlimited amount
4- 5 to 9
5 to 9
## Footnote
Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)
-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity
-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) --> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation
-Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
-Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!
61
***How long does the sensory memory last?***
1- 0.1 seconds
2- 30 minutes
3- 15-60 seconds
4- up to 3 seconds
up to 3 seconds
## Footnote
Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)
-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity
-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) --> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation
-Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
-Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!
62
***How long does the short-term memory last?***
1- Up to 3 seconds
2- 3 hours
3- 15-60 seconds
4- 30 minutes
15-60 seconds
## Footnote
Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)
-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity
-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) --> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation
-Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
-Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!
63
***What is the smallest amount of information that can be communicated called?***
1- A byte
2- A channel
3- A mnemonic
3- A bit
A bit
## Footnote
1 bit of information reduces uncertainty by 50%
64
***What is the preferred personality type of a good pilot?***
1- Extroverted and stable
2- Introverted and stable
3- Extroverted and unstable
4- Introverted and unstable
Extroverted and stable
65
***Which of the following describes the individual reaction to stress?***
1- The individual reaction to stress is based on perceived demand and perceived ability and thus differs between people
2- The individual reaction to stress is based on perceived demand and perceived ability and thus constant among people
3- The individual reaction to stress is the same for people of similar skill level
4- The individual reaction to stress is the same for tasks of similar difficulty
The individual reaction to stress is based on perceived demand and perceived ability and thus differs between people
66
***In communication, what is a 'channel'?***
1- A symbolic representation of the message
2- A medium that carries the information
3- A way of understanding encoded information
4- The smallest amount of information that can be transmitted
A medium that carries the information
## Footnote
Encoder = A symbolic representation of the message
Receiver = A way of understanding encoded information
Bit = The smallest amount of information that can be transmitted
67
***What is the relation between arousal level and performance?***
1- Performance increases when arousal increases
2- High and low arousal levels increase performance
3- High and low arousal levels decrease performance
4- Performance decreases when arousal increases
High and low arousal levels decrease performance
## Footnote
Performance is bet just before the breakpoint
Breakpoint = point after which perfomance decreases with increasing arousal
68
***What is a leading question?***
1- A question that leads to restoring situational awareness
2- A question that contains the preferred answer and usually ends with ""isn't it?"" or a similar expression
3- A question that requires a simple yes/no answer
4- A question that requires some critical thinking from the responder before they answer
A question that contains the preferred answer and usually ends with ""isn't it?"" or a similar expression
## Footnote
-Implicit question = open question = A question that requires some critical thinking from the responder before they answer; A question that leads to restoring situational awareness
-Explicit question = closed question = A question that requires a simple yes/no answer
-Leading question = A question that contains the preferred answer and usually ends with ""isn't it?"" or a similar expression
69
***What is attitude?***
1- It is a part of personality regarding other people
2- It is the way a person gets motivated
3- It is the broad range of untargeted emotions
4- It is the way we feel about someone or something
It is the way we feel about someone or something
## Footnote
-Attitude = tendency to respond in a particullar manner to people, things or events (only NURTURE)
-Personality = Unique stable psychological characteristics (NATURE + NURTURE)
-Behaviour = Personality + Attitude (adaptable)
70
***What does Jen Rasmussen's model divide human behaviour into?***
1- Skill-based, rule-based and knowledge-based
2- Learnt and innate
3- Conscious, subconscious and semiconscious
4- Procedural and creative
Skill-based, rule-based and knowledge-based
## Footnote
-Skill based = Automated, routine, unconscious --> Slip errors or environmental captura (habituation)
-Rule based = Procedural, conscious, memorized procedures
-Knowledge based = Errors based on innacurate mental models or perceptions
71
***Which of the following statements about an implicit question is true?***
1- The implicit question requires a yes/no answer
2- The implicit question is also called the leading question
3- The implicit question requires the respondent to perform some deduction and critical thinking
4- The implicit question is the best way to get information quickly in time-critical situation
The implicit question requires the respondent to perform some deduction and critical thinking
## Footnote
-Implicit question = open question = A question that requires some critical thinking from the responder before they answer; A question that leads to restoring situational awareness
-Explicit question = closed question = A question that requires a simple yes/no answer
-Leading question = A question that contains the preferred answer and usually ends with ""isn't it?"" or a similar expression
72
***Which of the following best describes personality traits?***
1- Partially innate, determined by nature and partially learnt, determined by nurture
2- Innate, determined by nature and unchanging
3- Learnt, determined by nurture and subject to change
4- Learnt in early childhood and then unchanging
Partially innate, determined by nature and partially learnt, determined by nurture
## Footnote
-Attitude = tendency to respond in a particullar manner to people, things or events (only NURTURE)
-Personality = Unique stable psychological characteristics (NATURE + NURTURE)
-Behaviour = Personality + Attitude (adaptable)
73
***Which of these is NOT a part of the software in the Shell model?***
1-Airlines' Standard Operating Procedures published electronically
2- ICAO regulations
3- Flight Management System in an aircraft
4- Digital maps
Flight Management System in an aircraft
74
***What is the initial symptom of hypoxia?***
1- Blue tinged lips and fingers
2- Joint pain
3- Stomach cramps
4- Pain in the forehead
Blue tinged lips and fingers
75
***What is hyperventilation caused by?***
1- Too high CO2 concentration in blood
2- Too high oxygen concentration in blood
3- Too low oxygen concentration in blood
4- Too low CO2 concentration in blood
Too low CO2 concentration in blood
76
***What is adaptation?***
1- It is the change of the size of the pupil
2- It is the formation of new synapses
3- It is the change of eye focal length
4- It is a change in sensitivity to a particular stimulus
It is a change in sensitivity to a particular stimulus
77
***What is the most common cause of in-flight pilot incapacitation?***
1- Gastro-intestinal upset
2- Stroke
3- Heart attack
4- Flu
Gastro-intestinal upset
## Footnote
Stroke and Heart attack are the most common causes of DEATH during flight (not incapacitation!)
78
***What part of the spine most often suffers from slipped discs?***
1- Neck
2- Lumbar part
3- Thoracic part
4- Cervical part
Lumbar part
79
***What is the average length of a sleep cycle?***
1- 90 minutes
2- 8 hours
3- 24 hours
4- 45 minutes
90 minutes
## Footnote
1 cycle = 90 minutes w/ 5 stages:
-REM --> brain highly active; dreams; memory consolidation
-Non-REM 1, 2 (longest), 3 and 4
-Average night = 8h --> 5/6 cycles --> with each cycle, REM stage becomes longer
80
***What happens in the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?***
1- Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, muscles tighten
2- Cortisol is released into the bloodstream
3- Fat in our bodies is burned
4- Heartrate increases, pupils tighten, brain activity accelerates, digestion speeds up
Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, muscles tighten
## Footnote
Stress response = General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
-Alarm phase --> Adrenaline, sympathetic response (fight or flight), burn sugars
-ResistanCe phase --> Cortisol, burn fat
-Exhaustion phase
81
***The majority of aviation accidents are caused by... (1,00 P.)***
technical failure.
meteorological influences.
geographical influences.
human failure.
human failure
## Footnote
0.8 (80%)
82
***The "swiss cheese model" can be used to explain the... (1,00 P.)***
error chain.
procedure for an emergency landing.
optimal problem solution.
state of readiness of a pilot.
error chain
83
***What is the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 6000 ft? (1,00 P.)***
21 %
12 %
78 %
18.9 %
21 %
## Footnote
78% N, 21% O2; 1% rare gases
84
***What is the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere?***
1 %
21 %
78 %
0.1 %
78 %
## Footnote
78% N, 21% O2; 1% rare gases
85
***At which altitude is the atmospheric pressure approximately half the MSL value (1013 hPa)?***
18000 ft
5000 ft
10000 ft
22000 ft
18000 ft
86
***Air consists of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases.
What is the approximate percentage of other gases?***
0.1 %
78 %
1 %
21 %
0.1 %
## Footnote
78% N, 21% O2; 1% rare gases
87
***Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by...***
little sleep.
alcohol.
smoking.
unhealthy food.
smoking
88
***What does the term "Red-out" mean?***
"Red vision" during negative g-loads
Rash during decompression sickness
Anaemia caused by an injury
Falsified colour perception during sunrise and sunset
"Red vision" during negative g-loads
## Footnote
"Gray out" and "black out" = positive g-loads
89
***Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by...***
fuel or hydraulic fluids.
generator failure.
cracks in the heat exchanger.
Pitot icing.
cracks in the heat exchanger
90
***Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperventilaton?***
Cyanose
Tingling
Spasm
Disturbance of consciousness
Cyanose
91
***Which of the following symptoms may indicate hypoxia?***
Joint pain in knees and feet
Muscle cramps in the upper body area
Blue discolouration of lips and fingernails
Blue marks all over the body
Blue discolouration of lips and fingernails
92
***Which of the human senses is most influenced by hypoxia?***
The oltfactory perception (smell)
The tactile perception (sense of touch)
The auditory perception (hearing)
The visual perception (vision)
The visual perception (vision)
93
***From which altitude on does the body usually react to the decreasing atmospheric pressure?***
2000 feet
7000 feet
10000 feet
12000 feet
7000 feet
94
***Which altitude marks the lower limit where the the body is unable to completely compensate the effects of the low atmospheric pressure?***
12000 feet
22000 feet
5000 feet
7000 feet
12000 feet
95
**What is the function of the red blood cells (erythrocytes)?
Oxygen transport
Blood coagulation
Immune defense
Blood sugar regulation
Oxygen transport
96
***Which of the following is responsible for the blood coagulation? ***
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Capillaries of the arteries
White blood cells (leucocytes)
Blood plates (thrombocytes)
Blood plates (thrombocytes)
97
***What is the function of the white blood cells (leucocytes)?***
Oxygen transport
Blood coagulation
Blood sugar regulation
Immune defense
Immune defense
98
***What is the function of the blood platelets (thrombocytes)?***
Immune defense
Blood coagulation
Blood sugar regulation
Oxygen transport
Blood coagulation
99
***Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypoxia?***
Smoking
Menstruation
Blood donation
Diving
Diving
100
***Anemic hypoxia can be caused by...***
carbon monoxide poisoning.
low pressure.
high altitudes.
alcohol.
carbon monoxide poisoning
101
***What is an appropriate reaction when a passenger during cruise flight suddenly feels uncomfortable?***
Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank
Give additional oxygen and avoid low load factors
Avoid conversation and choose a higher airspeed
Switch on the heater blower and provide thermal blankets
Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank
102
***What ist the correct term for an involuntary and stereotypical reaction of an organism to the stimulation of a receptor?***
Reduction
Virulence
Coherence
Reflex
Reflex
103
***What is the correct term for the system which, among others, controls breathing, digestion, and heart frequency?***
Critical nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Automatical nervous system
Compliant nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
104
***What is the parallax error?***
Long-sightedness due to aging especially during night
Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision
Misperception of speed during taxiing
A decoding error in communication between pilots
Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision
105
***Which characteristic is important when choosing sunglasses used by pilots?***
Non-polarised
No UV filter
Curved sidepiece
Unbreakable
Non-polarised
106
***Which part of the visual system is responsible for colour vision?***
Cones
Rods
Macula
Blind spot
Cones
## Footnote
Cones = colour vision, highest concentration in the fovea
Rods = scotopic vision, highest concentration at 10-20º from fovea
Macula = point of insertion of optic nerve and vessels in the retina (blindspot)
107
***The connection between middle ear and nose and throat region is called... ***
eardrum.
cochlea.
inner ear.
eustachian tube.
eustachian tube
108
***In which situation is it NOT possible to achieve a pressure compensation between the middle ear and the environment?***
During a light and slow climb
All windows are completely closed
Breathing takes place using the mouth only
The eustachien tube is blocked
The eustachien tube is blocked
109
***Wings level after a longer period of turning can lead to the impression of... ***
starting a descent.
starting a climb.
steady turning in the same direction as before.
turning into the opposite direction.
turning into the opposite direction
## Footnote
Same direction = "the Leans" (30 s)
110
***Which of the following options does NOT stimulate motion sickness (disorientation)?***
Head movements during turns
Flying under the influence of alcohol
Non-accelerated straight and level flight
Turbulence in level flight
Non-accelerated straight and level flight
111
***An acceleration during a straight horizontal flight can lead to the illusion of... ***
a descent.
a climb.
an inverted flight.
a bank.
a climb
## Footnote
Decceleration = illusion of descente (pitch down)
112
***A deceleration during a straight horizontal flight can lead to the illusion of... ***
a climb.
a descent.
a bank.
an inverted flight.
a descent
113
***Which optical illusion might be caused by a runway with an upslope during the approach?***
The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too fast
and reduces the speed below the normal approach speed
The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high
and therefore descents below the regular glide slope
The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too slow
and speeds up above the normal approach speed
The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too low
and therefore approaches the runway above the regular glide slope
The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high
and therefore descents below the regular glide slope
| Impression of overshoot
## Footnote
Upslope = Impression of overshoot = The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high
and therefore descents below the regular glide slope
Downslope = impression of undershoot = The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too low
and therefore approaches the runway above the regular glide slope
114
***What impression may be caused when approaching a runway with an upslope?***
A landing beside the centerline
A hard landing
An undershoot
An overshoot
An overshoot
## Footnote
Upslope = Impression of overshoot = The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high
and therefore descents below the regular glide slope
Downslope = impression of undershoot = The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too low
and therefore approaches the runway above the regular glide slope
115
***The occurence of a vertigo is most likely when moving the head...***
during a straight horizontal flight.
during a turn.
during a descent.
during a climb.
during a turn
116
***A Grey-out is the result of...***
hypoxia.
tiredness.
positive g-forces.
hyperventilation.
positive g-forces
## Footnote
Grey-out and black-out = positive G forces
Red-out = negative G forces
117
***Visual illusions are mostly caused by... (1,00 P.)***
rapid eye movements.
misinterpretation of the brain.
colour blindness.
binocular vision.
misinterpretation of the brain
118
***The average decrease of blood alcohol level for an adult in one hour is approximately...***
0.1 percent.
0.01 percent.
0.03 percent.
0.3 percent.
0.01 percent
## Footnote
legal pilot blood alcohol level is 0.02%
119
Which answer states a risk factor for diabetes?
Overweight
Smoking
Sleep deficiency
Alcohol consumption
Overweight
120
***A risk factor for decompression sickness is...***
smoking.
sports.
scuba diving prior to flight.
100 % oxygen after decompression.
scuba diving prior to flight
121
***Which statement is correct with regard to the short-term memory?***
It can store 10 (±5) items for 30 to 60 seconds
It can store 7 (±2) items for 10 to 20 seconds
It can store 3 (±1) items for 5 to 10 seconds
It can store 5 (±2) items for 1 to 2 minutes
It can store 7 (±2) items for 10 to 20 seconds
## Footnote
Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)
-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity
-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) --> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation
-Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
-Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!
122
***For what approximate time period can the short-time memory store information?***
35 to 50 seconds
30 to 40 seconds
3 to 7 seconds
10 to 20 seconds
10 to 20 seconds
## Footnote
Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)
-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity
-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) --> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation
-Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
-Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!
123
***What is a latent error?***
An error which is made by the pilot actively and consciously
An error which only has consequences after landing
An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time
An error which has an immediate effect on the controls
An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time
124
***What does the term "confirmation bias" mean?***
The feedback loop in a closed communication
The preference to find arguments to proof the own mental model
The bias to confirm each radio call
The critical check of ambiguous situations in flight
The preference to find arguments to proof the own mental model
125
***The ongoing process to monitor the current flight situation is called... ***
constant flight check.
situational thinking.
anticipatory check procedure.
situational awareness.
situational awareness
126
***Regarding the communication model, how can the use of the same code during radio communication be ensured?***
By the use of radio phraseology
By using radios certified for aviation use only
By the use of proper headsets
By a particular frequency allocation
By the use of radio phraseology
127
***In what different ways can a risk be handled appropriately?***
Extrude, avoid, palliate, transfer
Ignore, accept, transfer, extrude
Avoid, reduce, transfer, accept
Avoid, ignore, palliate, reduce
Avoid, reduce, transfer, accept
128
***Under which circumstances is it more likely to accept higher risks?***
If there is not enough information available
During check flights due to a high level of nervousness
During flight planning when excellent weather is forecast
Due to group-dynamic effects
Due to group-dynamic effects
| aka risky shift
129
***What is the meaning of "risky shift"? ***
Crossing of rudder and ailerons on short final
The tendency to accept higher risks in groups
Spontaneous change of landing direction when the runway has an upslope
Seat adjustment in flight
The tendency to accept higher risks in groups
130
***Which dangerous attitudes are often combined? (1,00 P.)***
Macho and invulnerability
Impulsivity and carefulness
Invulnerability and self abandonment
Self-abandonment and macho
Macho and invulnerability
131
***What is an indication for a macho attitude?***
Careful walkaround procedure
Comprehensive risk assessment when faced with unfamiliar situations
Risky flight maneuvers to impress spectators on ground
Quick resignation in complex and critical situations
Risky flight maneuvers to impress spectators on ground
132
***Which factor can lead to human error?***
Double check of relevant actions
Proper use of checklists
To be doubtful if something looks unclear or ambiguous
The bias to see what we expect to see
The bias to see what we expect to see
133
***What is the best combination of traits with respect to the individual attitude and behaviour for a pilot?***
Introverted - unstable
Introverted - stable
Extroverted - unstable
Extroverted - stable
Extroverted - stable
134
***Complacency is a risk due to... ***
the high number of mistakes normally made by humans.
increased cockpit automation.
the high error rate of technical systems.
better training options for young pilots.
increased cockpit automation
135
***The ideal level of arousal is at which point in performance vs arousal/stress curve?***
Point A (low arousal)
Point D (highest arousal)
Point C (peak arousal)
Point B (just before peak arousal)
Point B (just before peak arousal)
136
***At which point in the performance vs arousal/stress curve will a pilot find himself to be overstrained?***
Point A (low arousal)
Point D (highest arousal)
Point C (peak arousal)
Point B (just before peak arousal)
Point D (highest arousal)
137
***Which of the following qualities are influenced by stress?
1. Attention
2. Concentration
3. Responsiveness
4. Memory***
2, 4
1
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3, 4
138
***Which answer is correct concerning stress?***
Stress can occur if there seems to be no solution for a given problem
Training and experience have no influence on the occurence of stress
Stress and its different symptoms are irrelevant for flight safety
Everybody reacts to stress in the same manner
Stress can occur if there seems to be no solution for a given problem
