hsf 3 exam 2 Flashcards
(31 cards)
what are the organs that release peptide hormones?
hypothalamus, pancreas, parathyroid glands, liver, gonads, anterior pituitary, and placenta
what do amine hormones derive from?
AA –> tyr and trp
what is craniopharyngioma?
when the regressing stalk of the Rathke’s pouch leaves the residual tissue and becomes craniopharyngioma
where is the pituitary located?
in the sella turica of sphenoid bone, POSTERIOR to the optic chiasma (CN II)
what is the function of the portal veins?
carries neuroendocrine secretions from hypothalamus to cells in PARS DISTALIS (ant. pitutiary)
what connects the superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries?
trabecular artery
what hormones does the pars distalis secrete?
direct acting hormones (GH and prolactin)
trophic hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH)
what is giantism?
excessive secretion of growth hormone due to loss of feedback control of GH secretion or GH-secreting tumor in pituitary aka adenoma
what is adrenal cushing’s syndrome?
PRIMARY HYPERcorticolism
adrenal gland overproduces cortisol
what is addison’s disease?
PRIMARY HYPOcorticolism
fail to produce cortisol and ALDOSTERONE
what is Cushing’s disease?
SECONDARY HYPERcortisolism
an ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor stimulates excress adreal cortical production
what is Graves disease?
TSI induced overstimulation of thyroid
can cause tachycardia, sweating, and palpitations, heat intolerance, altered mental state, weight loss despite increased eating, EXOPHTHALMOS (bulging eyes due to swelling), increased risk of THYROID STORM
give beta-blockers and block TPO thionamides (PTU=short term and MMI=long term), prednisone, and surgical thyroidectomy
what is sheehan syndrome?
postpartum ischemis infarcion of ant pituitary, leading to loss of hypothalamic or pituitary function in adults or children
what is hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
condition where anti-TPO antibodies are made, preventing I- oxidation, iodination, and coupling
cause lymphocytic infiltrate (seen biopsy), presence of anti-TPO and anti-TG antibodies, less tracer radioactive I- uptake by thyroid
treat with levothroxine (synthetic T4) and rarely liothyronine (T3, risk of overdosing since it is too potent)
what is Wolff-Chaikoff effect?
excess I- provision to a thyroid gland filled with - induces a reduction in TH production to prevent excesses of hormon
occurs due to inhibition of DUOX2 and TPO as a result of their overuse to make TH, requiring their replacement and reduction in TH levels
what is Jod-Basedow phenomenon?
excess I- provision to an iodine-DEFICIENCT thyroid gland induces unregulated increases in TH production
what drugs reduct T4 and T3 production and inhibit NIS \?
perchlorate and thiocyanate
what drugs inhbit TPO and prevent formation of MIT/DIT and T4/T3?
thionamides –> PTU and MMI
PTU can also block conversion of T4 to T3
what are they types of congenital hypothyroidism?
endemic, genetic, or sporadic
explain sporadic and genetic congenital hypothyroidism
result from abnormal development or function of fetal thyroid gland
explain edemic congenital hypothyroidsim
what does FLAT PiG stand for?
hormones of anterior pituitary
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
PRL
GH
what are the actions of thyroid hormone?
7 B’s
Bone growth (works with GH and IGF-1; NOTE: thyrotoxicosis causes EARLY CLOSURE of growth plates)
Brain maturation (increased differentiation, migration, proliferation, plasticity, and branching; NOTE: HYPOthyroidism causes CRETINISM - mental and physical stunting)
B1 adrenergic effects (increase CO, HR, SV; NOTE: must ANTAGONIZE B1 thyrotoxicosis)
BMR (increase Na/K ATPase –> increase O2 consumption –> increase respiratory rate and body temp)
Blood glucose (normal because balanced by glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis)
Breaks down lipids –> decrease cholesterol AND MUSCLE (proteolysis)
Babies (thyroid hormone is used for surfactant synthesis)
what does A BIG FIB stand for?
chronic excessive cortisol
Appetite increase (activates hypothalamic pathways and reward systems)
Blood pressure increase (increase a1 receptors –> excess cortisol can bind mineral corticoid receptors)
Insulin resistance increases (muscle and adipose have reduced sensitivity –> increases blood glucose)
Gluconeogenesis (increase lipolysis and proteolysis provides glyverol and AA’s to liver, increase liver glucose used = increase blood glucose)
Fibroblast activity decreases (poor would heating, decreased colalgen synthesis, increased purple striae)
Inflammatory and immune response decreases (decrease capillary permeability, increased stability of lysosomes, decreased cytokine = decreased white blood cells migration and proliferation, decreased histamine and PG release)
Bone formation decreases (decreased osteoblast activity, increase osteoCLAST activity, increase osteocyte apoptosis)
