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Diana's Flashcards > hsf exam 3 extra > Flashcards

hsf exam 3 extra Flashcards

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1
Q

what structures are located in the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior?

A

thymus, veins, arteries, trachea, esophagus, lymphatic trunks

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2
Q

most VSDs occur in the…

A

muscular portion

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3
Q

what is significant about the coronary arteries?

A

they are the ONLY system arteries to perfuse during ventricular DIASTOLE

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4
Q

what is the only vein that drains directly into the R atrium?

A

anterior cardiac vein

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5
Q

what does the R vagus n travel between?

A

it is parallel to the trachea, passes posteriorly to SVC and right main bronchus

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6
Q

what does the L vagus n travel between?

A

the L common carotid and subclavian a
descends anteriorly to aortic arch and posterior to left bronchus

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7
Q

where is the thymus located?

A

anterior part of SUPERIOR mediastinum

anterior to L brachiocephalic and pericardium

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8
Q

what veins are in the superior mediastinum?

A

brachiocephalic veins, L superior intercostal vein, supreme intercostal vein, and azygos vein

terminal half of SVC in MIDDLE mediastinum

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9
Q

where is the ascending aorta located?

A

in MIDDLE mediastinum

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10
Q

what arteries are in the superior mediastinum?

A

brachiocephalic, L common carotid, and L subclavian

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11
Q

R recurrent laryngeal n hooks around…

A

R subclavian a, ascends between trachea and esophagus

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12
Q

L recurrent laryngeal n arises from?

A

L vagus n, loops under aortic arch to left of ligamentum arteriosum, continuing in tracheal-esophageal groove

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13
Q

the R recurrent laryngeal DOES NOT…

A

enter the mediastinum

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14
Q

what two structures compress the esophagus?

A

aorta and left main bronchus

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15
Q

what is the oblique sinus?

A

venous end where SVC, IVC, and pulm veins enter the heart

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16
Q

coronary arteries to the…

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium only

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17
Q

apex of heart is…

A

inferolateral part of L ventricle, posterior to L 5th intercostal space

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18
Q

base of heart is…

A

left atrium where and where great vessels enter

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19
Q

what forms the anterior/sternocostal surface of the heart?

A

right ventricle

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20
Q

what forms the posterior surface of the heart?

A

left atrium

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21
Q

what forms the inferior/diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

A

left and right ventricle

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22
Q

what forms the right and left pulmonary surfaces of the heart?

A

right and left ventricles

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23
Q

what forms the RIGHT border of the heart?

A

SVC and right atrium

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24
Q

what forms the left border of the heart?

A

aortic arch, pulm artery, L auricle and ventricle

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25
what forms the inferior border of the heart?
right ventricle and small portion of left ventricle
26
what forms the superior border of the heart?
right and left atria, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, SVC
27
left atrium is...
MOST posterior and SUPERIOR
28
right ventricle is...
anterior and inferior
29
where is the moderator band located?
in right ventricle carries part of right branch of AV bundle to anterior papillary muscle
30
muscular VSDs can...
spontaneously close
31
which valve is most commonly diseased?
mitral valve
32
semilunar valves are NOT...
associated with chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
33
coronary a fill as...
aortic sinuses fill because they derive from them
34
what supplies the AV node?
the posterior interventricular artery
35
what does the L diagonal branch supply?
anterior portion of LV
36
what does the circumflex branch supply?
L atrium and superior portion of LV
37
what are the 2 ways in which the SA node is supplied?
via the RCA or circumflex of LCA
38
what are the common sites of MI?
anterior interventricular a, RCA, and circumflex branch
39
vagus n only transmits...
reflexive fibers
40
normal PR is...
<0.2 seconds
41
normal QRS is...
<0.12 seconds
42
a fib causes...
blood clots - want to give patient anit-clotting
43
patients with genetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be prone to...
arrhythmias
44
patients with a fib are prone to...
blood clots because of no coordinated contraction of the atria, leading to pooling of blood in the atria 1
45
what is the cardiac output equation? what are the normal values for men and women?
CO = HR x SV men = 5.6 L/min women = 4.9 L/min
46
what is the function of digitalis/digoxin?
inhibits Na+/K+ pump, increases Ca2+ which means increased contraction slows the HR by blocking AV node conduction and depress SA node (allows ventricles time to fill) SIDE EFFECT = ARRYHTHMIAS
47
what is the function of dobutamine?
beta 1 receptor, increased Ca2+ (inotropic), increases HR, vasodilator SIDE EFFECT = ARRHYTHMIAS
48
what is the function of milrinone?
phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor (prevents the break down of cAMP, allowing for activation of SA/AV node to increase HR) increase Ca2+ (inotropic) and increased HR (further increased cAMP levels), vasodilator SIDE EFFET = ARRHTHMIAS
49
what is the function of levosimendan?
increased Ca2+ sensitization to troponin C (increased contractility) DOES NOT increase Ca2+ or HR meaning doesn't cause arrhythmia
50
what is important about Ach in parasympathetics?
if Ach is on ENDOTHELIUM --> will stimulate vasodilation if no ENDO then it will stimulate contraction
51
what is the MABP equation?
2/3 DP + 1/3 SP or DP + 1/3 (SP-DP)
52
what is important to note about pulse pressure?
the greater the SV, the greater the pulse pressure the less compliant (stretchability), the greater the pulse pressure (this is because if the vessels are less compliant they won't stretch as much so you need to increase SP to push blood out)
53
what is the velocity equation?
V = flow rate/cross sectional area VELOCITY IS INVERSELY RELATED TO CROSS SECTIONAL AREA
54
what is the resistance equation?
R = 8nl/pi(r^4) F = pi(pressure gradient)(r^4)/8nl
55
total blood flow in arterioles is...
ALWAYS equal to CO
56
which valve disease has a wide pulse pressure?
aortic regurgitation
57
adaptive immunity depends on...
lymphocytes
58
what is the most common positional abnormality?
dextrocardia
59
what is right aortic arch?
persistance of 4th right arch DISTAL to the right subclavian
60
what is double aortic arch?
segment of right 4th aortic arch CAUDAL to right subclavian
61
what is coarctation of the aorta?
coarctation of aorta DISTAL to LEFT subclavian
62
what is long QT syndrome also referred to as?
Torsades type of vtach
63
what specifies the venous end in development?
RA LOWER RA = more anterior structures
64

Diana's Flashcards (17 decks)

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