HUBS191 Module 1 Flashcards by Noah Harvey

What are the four tissue types?

Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue

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Connective tissue

45% of all tissue
Stuctural framework for the body
Blood, lymph, cartilage, and bone

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Three types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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Function and feature of epithelial tissue

Physical protection
Permeable

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Nervous tissue

Afferent, efferent information
Contains support cells which maintain, protect and regulate neurons
Examples: Brain, spinal cord, neurons, nerves

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Who needs to give consent to donate human tissue under the human tissue act 2008

needs informed consent from both donor and family member.

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6 key functions of the skeleton?

Support
Protection
Movement
Calcium and phosphate reserve
Haematopoiesis
Fat storage

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Parts of the skeleton

Axial skeleton
- protect and support internal organs
- skull, vertebrae, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
- Primary function is movement
- limbs

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Types of bone tissue

Cancellous
Compact

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Five key types of bone

Flat bone
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bone
Short bone - weight bearing
Long bone - levers for movement

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Bones of the hand

8 Carpals
5 Metacarpals
14 Phalanges

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Bones of the foot

7 Tarsals
5 Metatarsals
14 Phalanges

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What is the Epiphysis? And features

Distal and proximal ends of the bone
Cancellous bone
Covered in hyaline cartilage

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Metaphysis

Area connecting the epiphysis to the diaphysis

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Diaphysis

Shaft of the bone
Compact bone
Contains yellow marrow
Blood vessels and nerves

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Medullary Cavity

Space in the cavity which contains fatty bone marrow
Lined with endosteum

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What is the endosteum

Membrane that lines the medullary cavity, containing osteoblasts to build bone.

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Periosteum

Thick sheath of dense irregular connective tissue covering the bone surface
Perforating fibres hold the periosteum to bone

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Pectoral girdle

Clavicle and scapula

Pelvic girdle

Hip bones and sacrum enables weight distribution to the lower limbs

Male vs Female pelvis

Female pelvis has a circular pelvic inlet as opposed to a male pelvis with more long shaped pelvic inlet
Female pelvis had a wider sub pubic arch
Female pelvis has a shorter straighter sacrum

Male vs Female pelvis

Female pelvis has a circular pelvic inlet as opposed to a male pelvis with more long shaped pelvic inlet
Female pelvis had a wider sub pubic arch
Female pelvis has a shorter straighter sacrum

What is the organic component of bone formed out of? And what is the organic component’s main function?

Collagen (protein)
Ground substance (proteoglycans)
The Main function of the organic component is to resist tension

What is the inorganic component of bone formed out of? And what is the inorganic component’s main function?

Hydroxyapatite (mineral salts)
- makes the bone hard
Function is to resist compression

Osteoblasts

Create bone Synthesis, deposit, and mineralise osteoids Later differentiate into osteocytes

Osteocytes Where are they located? How do they communicate?

Precursor: osteoblasts Function is to maintain bone tissue, communicating through canaliculi Located in Lacunae (lakes for osteocytes)

Osteoclasts

Precursor: monocyte lineage Secrete enzymes and acids to dissolve the bone matrix - causing bone remodelling. (destroy bone) Located wherever bone reabsorption is occurring

What is compact bone made of

Osteons. Osteons are the unit on compact bone. Compact bone forms the outer layer/ diaphysis of long bones.

Lamallae

Lamallae are tubes of ECM with collagen fibre which are aligned to resist forces

Lacunae

Lakes for osteocytes

Canaliculi

Small channels that connect the lacunae housing the osteocytes together. They allow of communication between osteocytes and the spread of nutrients.

Osteon remodelling from appositional growth

Bone growth continues outwards as circumferential lamellae are formed.

Cancellous bone

Made of struts of trabeculae Osteocytes are located within lacunae on the surfaces of trabeculae. Cancellous bone is synthesised outwards No blood vessels, blood is supplied through medullary cavity Located at the epiphysis's of long bones Trabeculae from along lines of stress to provide strength to the bone

6 Key functions of the muscles?

1. Movement 2. Stability of joints 3. Communication 4. Control of body openings and protection of internal organs 5. Heat production 6. Store of energy and protein

Tendon

Attaches muscle to bone

Ligament

Attaches bone to bone

Muscle fibres are ensheathed in

endomysium

Fascicles are unsheathed in

perimysium

Muscle are ensheathed in

epimysium

Order from smallest to largest: Myofibrils, Sarcomeres, Mucles fibers, Muscles, Fascicles, Myofilaments

Myofilaments - Sarcomeres - Myofibrils - Mucles fibers - Fascicles - Muscles

Myofilaments

Organised arrays of actin and myosin proteins in a repeated pattern

Actin is a ___ filament Myosin is a ____ filament

Thin Thick

T tubules

T tubules are tubular extensions of the cell surface membrane. Their job is to conduct electrical signal deep into the core of the fiber.

What is a motor unit

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Neuromuscular junction

The specific point where the motor nerve terminates onto the muscle