HUG UNIT 4 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
What’s a country referred to as in geography?
A
A state.
2
Q
What’s a nation?
A
A group of people that share the same culture/history and desires to govern itself.
3
Q
What’s self-determination?
A
The right for a nation to govern themselves without interference of external forces.
4
Q
Requirements to be a state:
A
A permanent population, a defined boundary, sovereignty, and recognized by others states.
5
Q
What’s sovereignty?
A
A state’s power to govern itself.
6
Q
What’s a nation state?
A
A sovereign state made up of a homogeneous population of one nation.
7
Q
Japan, Denmark, and Iceland are examples of…
A
Nation states.
8
Q
Nation states are traditionally bigger or smaller? Heterogeneous or homogenous?
A
Smaller and homogeneous.
9
Q
Stateless nation?
A
A nation that has a history of self-determination but is not a recognized state.
10
Q
Examples of stateless nations:
A
The Kurds, Palestinians, Basques, and Roma.
11
Q
Multinational state?
A
A state that has multiple nations that have agreed to coexist as one state.
12
Q
Examples of multinational states?
A
U.S.A, Russia, Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Nigeria, and Iraq
13
Q
Multistate nation?
A
A nation that has its own state and is also located in other states.
14
Q
Koreans, (North and South,) and Kurds, (Turkey, Iran, Iraq, etc,) are examples of…
A
Multistate nations
15
Q
Autonomous regions?
A
A region inside a state that has a high degree of autonomy and power to govern itself with limited interference from the national government.
16
Q
Native Americans are examples of what?
A
Autonomous region
17
Q
Semi-autonomous regions?
A
Moderate degree of autonomy, national government can intervene in their daily lives.
18
Q
Hong Kong being controlled by China is an example of…
A
A semi-autonomous region.
19
Q
What’s colonialism?
A
One country establishing settlements in another area that doesn’t belong to them through colonies.
20
Q
What’s imperialism?
A
States expanding through military force over other states and nations.
21
Q
What’s commodity dependence?
A
A state that is export dependent upon commodities (metal, energy, livestock/meat, agriculture)
22
Q
What’s devolution?
A
Transfer of power from the central government to subnational (ex. local, regional)
23
Q
What’s balkanization?
A
An effect of devolution, when a state breaks up due to ethnic conflicts inside.
24
Q
UK, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland all have high autonomy but are all part of the UK. Central government allowing these autonomous regions to have more land is an example of…
A
Devolution
25
Breaking up of Yugoslavia due to transfer of power and ethnic conflict is an example of...
Balkanization
26
What's decolonization?
To free a people/state from colonial status.
27
Venezuela being reliant on oil revenues is an example of...
Commodity dependence
28
What was the Berlin Conference 1884:
Europe cut up different countries in Africa with no regard for the natives.
29
What was the Treaty of Versailles 1920:
WWI treaty that redrew boundaries in Europe and South West Asia for peace. Tried to divide Germany, Austro-Hungarians, and Ottomans, into nation states.
30
What's a choke point?
A geographic location that you have to cross through to get to another.
31
How do choke points benefit the states that control them?
They gain political and economic power.
32
Strait of Hormuz, Panama Canal, Strait of Malacca
Examples of choke points
33
What would happen if any important chokepoints were closed/limited?
The world's economy would suffer.
34
What are shatterbelt regions?
Regions caught between large external forces in conflict.
35
Eastern Europe during the Cold War when Capitalist and Communist countries tried to influence that region, (like Yugo Slavia, Austria, and Sweden,) was an example of...
Shatterbelt regions
36
Kashmir today in between fight for Kashmir by India and Pakistan is an example of...
Shatterbelt region.
37
What is a cultural shatterbelt?
Region where different cultures contact with conflict. Internal.
38
Border between Sudan and South Sudan is an example of...
Cultural shatterbelt.
39
What is territoriality
How people communicate to convey ownership or occupation of an area. The connection people have to the land.
40
How is territoriality shown?
Through boundaries, military action, or general control of the area.
41
What's neo-colonialism?
The practice of using a MDC state's own political and economic influence on another LDC state to control it indirectly.
42
When did neo-colonialism first originate?
After WWII from colonies becoming dependent on MDCs and formal rulers.
43
China investing 60 billion dollars and becoming the #1 funder in African projects in the form of loans and assistance. Aiming to gain economic and political power over countries to form alliances and make own country stronger, now #1 trading partner. This is an example of....
Neo-colonialism
44
Relic boundary
A boundary that no longer exists/serves a purpose but still impacts the cultural landscape
45
The Berlin Wall dividing East and West Germany to prevent people from escaping Soviet-controlled East Berlin to the Western Allies in West Berlin is an example of...
A relic boundary
46
Superimposed boundary
Created by foreign state, doesn't recognize culture
47
The scramble for Africa, not based off cultural, used geometric boundaries is an example of...
a superimposed boundary
48
Subsequent boundary
Based on different ethnic groups. Culture is the defining factor.
49
European countries are an example of
Subsequent boundaries.
50
Consequent boundaries
Separate different cultures to ease conflict.
51
Pakistan and India: Partition of India. Muslims v. Hindus. An example of...
consequent boundary
52
Antecedent boundary
existed before human settlements were created, based on PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
53
The boundary (the Andes mountains) of the Eastern part of Argentina and Bolivia is an example of
an antecedent boundary
54
Frontiers:
Boundaries that are poorly enforced and no state has direct control over.
55
Antarctica and Wild West are examples of
frontiers
56
What are geometric boundaries
Boundaries based on straight lines of longitude and latitude
57
Canada and U.S border is an example of...
Geometric boundary.
58
Defined boundary
Countries legally define and agree to where borders are located through treaties.
59
Delimited boundaries
Identifying location of defined boundaries on A MAP.(invisible irl)
60
Demarcated boundaries
Visible markings of boundaries with fences/signs.
61
Administered boundaries
Legal management of borders with laws, immigration regulation, prosecution, and documentation
62
Definitional conflict boundaries
Conflict over language in a treaty/boundary conflict
63
Locational conflict boundaries
Dispute on where a boundary is placed
64
Operational conflict boundaries
Dispute over management of a boundary
65
Allocational conflict boundaries
Dispute over who owns the resources
66
Japan and Russia not agreeing to the definition of islands north of Japan boundaries is an example of...
Definitional boundary dispute
67
Post-World War I boundary between Germany and Poland set by treaty but Germans disputing over the location is an example of...
Locational boundary dispute
68
U.S. and Mexico dispute over whether there should be a wall on the boundary, who should guard it, is an example of..
Operational boundary dispute
69
Large oil reserve on top of boundary between 2 countries is an example of...
Allocational boundary dispute
70
United Nations Convention Laws Of The Sea
Created in 1958 when UN had conference to help countries deal with allocational boundary disputes in the sea.
71
Baseline:
Shore of country
72
Territorial zone:
12 nautical miles from baseline.
73
State rights over territorial zones:
allowed to pass laws that regulate the passage of ships from other states here
74
Contiguous zone:
12-24 nautical miles from baseline
75
State rights over contiguous zone:
Enforce laws on pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration(24 nautical miles from baseline)
76
Exclusive Economic Zone:
Countries have access to natural resources from 24-200 nautical miles from baseline.
77
State rights over EEZ:
States have sole right to natural resources in the area.
78
International/high waters:
201+ nautical miles from baseline. No more control from state.
79
What is reapportionating?
Process in which U.S. House of Representatives seats are re-allocated among the 50 states.
80
How often is reapportionment done?
Every Census (10 yrs)
81
Declines in population in a state result in what effects on House of Reps.?
Loss of seat(s).
82
Electoral college:
Organization that utilizes popular vote to vote for president.
83
What are seats in the electoral college dependent upon?
Seats in House of Reps. and senators.
84
Redistricting:
State's internal political boundaries that determine voting districts are changed by state legislatures.
85
Requirements for districts:
Similar population size, contiguous (boundary) , compact (regular shape like rectangle/square)
86
Gerrymandering:
Redistricting for a political advantage by a political party that controls the majority of seats in the state legislature.
87
Packing:
Clustering like-minded voters in a single district to limit their voices.
88
Cracking:
Dispersing like-minded voters among multiple districts to maximize their impacts.
89
Unitary state's central government powers:
Sets all the laws, policies, and systems.
90
Unitary state's regional government powers:
Little to no power. Only carry out laws/policies
91
Pros of unitary states
Great for nation-states with smaller populations, communication, efficiency, and homogeneous populations with national unity
92
Cons of unitary states
Minority needs not always represented, regional needs of the people aren't listened to, sometimes enforce dominant ideas on people.
93
Federal state's central government powers:
Share powers between central and regional governments
94
Federal state's regional government powers:
Share powers between central and regional governments, pass laws/policies that help people in that region.
95
Federal state pros
Decisions made at local level help specific people, great for diversity, great for large geography, and minorities are represented.
96
Federal state cons
Inefficient, more debates on who has powers, large-scale issues take longer to address, devolution.
97
Irredentism:
Movement by a nation to unite other parts of its nation that are spread over other borders
98
What do people acting upon irredentism want?
To be unified under one state.
99
Economic factors leading to devolution:
Economic struggles, fail to provide enough jobs, and unequal regional development
100
Social factors leading to devolution:
Culturally diverse with multiple nations not connected into the state's culture causing division between diff. cultural/ethnic groups.
101
Political factors leading to devolution:
A state abusing its power-> change in political systems,
terrorism->citizen demanding change-> transfer of power
102
Environmental factors leading to devolution:
Geographically large/isolated populations=unique cultures=regional governments have more power
103
Supranational organizations:
Made up of multiple states striving to reach the same goals.
104
Effects of sovereignty when joining a Supranational organzation:
Lose some sovereignty, might have more allies + safer, environmental restrictions on pollution, and trade regulation.
105
European Union (EU)
Goal is to ensure lasting peace in Europe. 27 countries.
106
United Nations (UN)
International justice and peace. Formed after WWII. 193 countries.
107
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Protects territories of its members, promotes democracy, brings peace to Europe. Keeps members in check from being communist.
108
Association of southeast asian nations (ASEAN)
Helps accelerate growth of economy, social, culture, by promoting peace.
109
Arctic Council
Promotes peace and stability within the Arctic.
110
African Union
Promote union and solidarity, eradicate colonialism. 55 countries.
111
What's nationalism?
Loyalty, patriotism, and devotion to a state by the people.
112
Ethnonationalism:
When a state's national identity is based on a common ethnicity.
113
Economies of scale:
As the quantity of output of products goes up, the cost per unit goes down.
114
If your fixed cost to produce an item is $1,000 and you produce 50 units, the cost per unit is $20 ($1,000 / 50 = $20), but if you produce 100 units, the cost per unit is only $10 ($1,000 / 100 = $10). Example of:
Economies of scale
115
What's territoriality?
The connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to where they live.
