HUMAN APPROACH

Question 1

___ is the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information.

Answer 1

Cognitive psychology

Question 2

A ____ ______might study how people perceive various shapes, why they remember some facts but forget others, or how they learn language.

Answer 2

cognitive psychologist

Question 3

_____ we make judgments on the basis of how easily we can call to mind what we perceive as relevant instances of a phenomenon

Answer 3

Availability heuristic

Question 4

In cognitive psychology, the ways of addressing ___ issues have changed, but many of the fundamental questions remain much the same.

Answer 4

fundamental

Question 5

The progression of ideas often involves a ______.

Answer 5

dialectic

Question 6

_____ is a developmental process where ideas evolve over time through a pattern of ____.

Answer 6

dialectic

transformation

Question 7

____ is a statement of belief.

Answer 7

thesis

Question 8

_____ is a statement that counters a previous statement of belief

Answer 8

antithesis

Question 9

_____ integrates the most credible features of each of two (or more) views.

Answer 9

synthesis

Question 10

Two Greek philosophers, ____ and his student _______ , have profoundly affected modern thinking in psychology and many other fields.

Answer 10

Plato
Aristotle

Question 11

Plato was a ____.

Answer 11

rationalist

Question 12

A ______ believes that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis.

Answer 12

rationalist

Question 13

rationalist does not need any _____ to develop new knowledge

Answer 13

experiments

Question 14

Aristotle (a naturalist and biologist as well as a philosopher) was an ____.

Answer 14

empiricist

Question 15

_____ believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence that is, we obtain evidence through experience and observation

Answer 15

empiricist

Question 16

The contrasting ideas of rationalism and empiricism became prominent with the French rationalist _______ and the British empiricist ______ .

Answer 16

René Descartes (1596–1650)
John Locke(1632–1704)

Question 17

In the _____, German philosopher ________ dialectically synthesized the views of ____ and ____, arguing that both rationalism and empiricism have their place.

Answer 17

eighteenth century
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Descartes and Locke

Question 18

___ seeks to understand the structure (configuration of elements) of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components (affection, attention, memory, sensation, etc.).

Answer 18

Structuralism

Question 19

_____ seeks to understand what people do and why they do it.

Answer 19

Functionalism

Question 20

______ believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness.

Answer 20

Pragmatists

Question 21

____ examines how elements of the mind, like events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning.

Answer 21

Associationism

Question 22

_____ associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time

Answer 22

contiguity

Question 23

______ associating things with similar features or properties

Answer 23

similarity

Question 24

_____ associating things that show polarities, such as hot/cold, light/dark, day/night

Answer 24

contrast

Question 25

_____ ____ states that we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes.

Answer 25

Gestalt psychology

Question 26

we cannot fully understand behavior when we only break phenomena down into smaller parts.

Answer 26

Gestalt Psychology

Question 27

_____ is the belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think.

Answer 27

Cognitivism

Question 28

_______ brashly challenged the behaviorist view that the human brain is a passive organ merely responding to environmental contingencies outside the individual

Answer 28

Karl Spencer Lashley (1890–1958),

Question 29

______ proposed the concept of cell assemblies as the basis for learning in the brain. Cell assemblies are coordinated neural structures that develop through frequent stimulation

Answer 29

Donald Hebb (1949)

Question 30

_____ stressed both the ____ basis and the ____ potential of language.

Answer 30

Noam Chomsky biological creative

Question 31

By ____ a new phrase had entered our vocabulary. ______ is the attempt by humans to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information

Answer 31

1956 Artificial intelligence (AI)

Question 32

—people’s understanding and control of their own thinking processes

Answer 32

Metacognition

Question 33

____ is the capacity to learn from experience, using _____ processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment.

Answer 33

Intelligence metacognitive

Question 34

_______ ______ a field of study within intelligence research that examines understanding of cultural differences in the definition of intelligence.

Answer 34

Cultural intelligence

Question 35

According to the _____ model of intelligence, intelligence comprises a hierarchy of cognitive abilities comprising three strata (Carroll, 1993):

Answer 35

three-stratum

Question 36

____ includes many narrow, specific abilities (e.g., spelling ability, speed of reasoning).

Answer 36

Stratum I

Question 37

_____ includes various broad abilities (e.g., fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, short-term memory, long-term storage and retrieval, information processing speed).

Answer 37

Stratum II

Question 38

_____ is just a single general intelligence (sometimes called g).

Answer 38

Stratum III

Question 39

_____ is speed and accuracy of abstract reasoning, especially for novel problems.

Answer 39

Fluid ability

Question 40

________ is accumulated knowledge and vocabulary (Cattell, 1971).

Answer 40

Crystallized ability

Question 41

______ (1983, 1993b, 1999, 2006) has proposed a theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 41

Howard Gardner