MEMORY

Question 1

transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained in the memory system

Answer 1

Encoding

Question 2

retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time

Answer 2

Storage

Question 3

recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it

Answer 3

Retrieval

Question 4

3 stages of memory

Answer 4

• sensory memory
• working or short term memory
• long term memory

Question 5

Sensory Memory function

Answer 5

process for basic physical characteristics

Question 6

Sensory memory capacity

Answer 6

large
can hold many items at once

Question 7

Sensory Memory Duration

Answer 7

very brief retention of images

.3 sec for visual info

2 sec for auditory info

Question 8

Sensory Memory Two types

Answer 8

Divided into two types:
iconic memory
echoic memory

Question 9

visual information

Answer 9

iconic memory

Question 10

auditory information
Attention is needed to transfer information to working memory

Answer 10

echoic memory

Question 11

brief memory of an image or icon. Also called iconic memory.

Answer 11

Visual sensory memory

Question 12

brief memory of a sound or echo. Also called echoic memory.

Answer 12

Auditory sensory memory

Question 13

________ may last a bit longer than visual sensory memories

Answer 13

Auditory sensory memories

Question 14

conscious processing of information
where information is actively worked on

Answer 14

Short-term memory function

Question 15

Short term memory Capacity

Answer 15

limited (holds 7+/-2 items)

Question 16

Short term duration

Answer 16

Duration—brief storage (about 30 seconds)

Question 17

Mental or verbal repetition of information allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds

Answer 17

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 18

Grouping small bits of information into larger units of information

Answer 18

Chunking

Question 19

Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into ___

Answer 19

long-term memory

Question 20

organizes and stores information
more passive form of storage than working memory

Answer 20

Long term memory function

Question 21

Long term memory capacity

Answer 21

Unlimited capacity

Question 22

Long term memory duration

Answer 22

thought by some to be permanent

Question 23

—process that controls movement from working to long-term memory store

Answer 23

Encoding

Question 24

—process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store

Answer 24

Retrieval

Question 25

Unconscious encoding of information

Answer 25

Automatic processing

Question 26

Requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 26

Effortful processing

Question 27

Types of long term memory

Answer 27

Explicit Memory Implicit memory

Question 28

—memory with awareness; information can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory

Answer 28

Explicit memory

Question 29

memory without awareness; memory that affects behavior but cannot consciously be recalled; also called nondeclarative memory

Answer 29

Implicit memory

Question 30

Two subtypes of explicit memory

Answer 30

Episodic memory Semantic Information

Question 31

information about events or “episodes”

Answer 31

Episodic information

Question 32

—information about facts, general knowledge, school work

Answer 32

Semantic information

Question 33

Memory tied to your own personal experiences

Answer 33

Episodic memory

Question 34

Memory not tied to personal events General facts and definitions about the world

Answer 34

Semantic memory

Question 35

Influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness

Answer 35

Implicit memory

Question 36

Memory that enables you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses

Answer 36

Procedural Memory

Question 37

organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory

Answer 37

Clustering

Question 38

test of LTM that involves retrieving memories without cues, also termed free recall

Answer 38

Recall

Question 39

test of LTM that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue

Answer 39

Cued recall

Question 40

test of LTM that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices

Answer 40

Recognition

Question 41

tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle

Answer 41

Serial position effect

Question 42

environmental cues to recall

Answer 42

Context effects

Question 43

physical, internal factors

Answer 43

State dependent retrieval

Question 44

factors related to mood or emotions

Answer 44

Mood Congruence

Question 45

- Recall of very specific images or details about a vivid, rare, or significant event - May seem very vivid and specific, but they are not more accurate than ordinary memories

Answer 45

Flashbulb Memory

Question 46

Memory can be distorted as people try to fit new info into existing _____

Answer 46

schemas

Question 47

Forgetting Theories

Answer 47

Encoding failure Interference theories Motivated forgetting Decay

Question 48

- Forgetting NOT caused by mere passage of time - Caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory

Answer 48

Interfering Theory

Question 49

Two types of interference

Answer 49

Retroactive interference Proactive Interference

Question 50

When a NEW memory interferes with remembering OLD information

Answer 50

Retroactive Interference

Question 51

When an OLD memory interferes with remembering NEW information

Answer 51

Proactive Interference

Question 52

Undesired memory is held back form awareness

Answer 52

Motivated Forgetting

Question 53

—conscious forgetting

Answer 53

Suppression

Question 54

—unconscious forgetting (Freudian)

Answer 54

Repression

Question 55

Ability to retrieve info declines with time after original encoding

Answer 55

Decay theories

Question 56

Memories fade away or decay gradually if ___

Answer 56

unused

Question 57

When new memory formed, it creates a ____

Answer 57

Memory trace

Question 58

a change in brain structure or chemistry

Answer 58

memory trace

Question 59

Karl Lashley searched for a localized memory trace or ___

Answer 59

engram

Question 60

______ found that memory for simple classically conditioned responses was localized (in the ______)

Answer 60

Richard Thompson cerebellum

Question 61

—severe memory loss

Answer 61

Amnesia

Question 62

inability to remember past episodic information; common after head injury; need for consolidation

Answer 62

Retrograde amnesia

Question 63

—inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage

Answer 63

Anterograde amnesia

Question 64

People suffering from amnesia typically cannot recall their own name or identity. ____ of the respondents agreed; all 16 experts disagreed.

Answer 64

83%