Human Behavior and Performance Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
Define: Organizational Citizenship Behavior
A
a personal voluntary commitment within an organization that is not part of there contractual tasks.
2
Q
Define: Counterproductive Work behavior
A
behaviors that explicitly runs counter to the goals of an organization
3
Q
what is stress?
A
a response - physiological or (and) psycholigical - to something in the environment when individuals perceive they are unable to cope with demands imposed by stressor
4
Q
true or false: stress = anxiety
A
anxiety is more long term and persistent. don’t always go away even in the absence of stressors.
5
Q
Define: primary and secondary appraisal in terms of stress
A
primary appraisal: individual determines whether there is a threat to his/her wellbeing
secondary appraisal: determining coping strategy
6
Q
Define: coping
A
constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and internal demands appraised as exceeding resource of a person
7
Q
Define: emotion-focused coping
A
unchanged circumstance but changing your perception of it
8
Q
Define: problem-focused coping
A
involves taking action and changing the circumstance
9
Q
“unchanged circumstance but changing your perception of it” describes …
A
emotion-focused coping
10
Q
“involves taking action and changing the circumstance” describes …
A
problem-focused coping
11
Q
Good stress is called …
A
Eustress
12
Q
“avoidance of performing a task or of making a decision (by more pleasant activities)” describes
A
Procrastination
13
Q
What are 3 main drivers of procrastination?
A
- fear of failure
- feeling overwhelmed
- overload and inability to prioritize
14
Q
Define: Planning Fallacy
A
underestimating the time needed to complete a task
15
Q
“underestimating the time needed to complete a task” describes …
A
Planning Fallacy
16
Q
Define: Optimism Bias
A
the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive events and underestimate the likelihood of negative events happening in future
17
Q
“the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive events and underestimate the likelihood of negative events happening in future” describes …
A
Optimism Bias
18
Q
give an example of the Synchrony effect
A
people who are more effective at night performing better and efficient at night
19
Q
What is a Group?
A
a group is consciously recognized and connected to one another by social relationship
group is not the same as category
20
Q
Define: Roles
A
roles are a set of expected behavioral patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit
21
Q
Define: Role Perception
A
an individual view of how one is supposed to act in a given situation
22
Q
Define: Role Expectation
A
the way others believe one should act in a given context
23
Q
Define: Role Conflict
A
appears when compliance with one role requirement makes it difficult to comply with another
24
Q
Define: Norms
A
consensual standards that describe what behaviors should and should not be performed in a given context
25
Define: Conformity
adjustment of behaviors to align with the norms of a group
26
Define: Status
a socially defined status defined position or rank given to group (members) by others
27
Groups size should range from ....
2 - 7 people. 2.7 is ideal
28
Why is it better for groups to have odd numbers?
to avoid polarization. (ie. 50/50 split)
29
list some advantages of Diversity
- expand talent pool
- multiple view points
- better decision making
- competitive advantage
30
list some disadvantages of Diversity
- conflict
- faultiness
- etc
31
Definition: Group
2 or more indivisuals interdependent, may or may not work towards same goal
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"2 or more indivisuals interdependent, may or may not work towards same goal" describes a ...
Group
33
Define: Team
group of interdependent with respect to information, resources and skills and combine efforts to achieve a common goal.
34
Define: Social Loafing
tendency to to expend less effort to achieve a goal when working in a team than working indivisually
35
What is the Memory Process?
Encoding -> Storage -> Retrieval
36
Name the 3 types of memory
1) Sensory memory
2) short term memory
3) long term memory
37
what is the bottom line of Baker Paradox
we learn with association to retain information better
38
what is the PQ4R method?
preview, question, read, reflect, recite, review
39
True or False: the PQ4R method is applied in note taking
False, PQ4R is a reading method
40
explain what the Method of Loci is.
a strategy of memory enhancement which uses visualizations of familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of information
41
Define: Overconfidence effect
is the unconscious tendency to have greater confidence in ones judgement
42
"the unconscious tendency to have greater confidence in ones judgement" describes...
Overconfidence effect
43
Define: self serving bias (attribution bias)
tendency to maintain self-esteem by attributing positive event to selves and negative events to others
44
What is personality?
relatively enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individual's from one another
45
What is personality?
relatively enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individual's from one another
46
"relatively enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individual's from one another " describes ...
Personality
47
True or False: Individual's personality is 50% developed through experience and 50% born
True
48
True or False: re-studying is proven to be more efficient than testing
False, testing helps fill in gaps in knowledge and PRACTICES RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION
49
Explain the Barnum Effect
individual's tendency to believe that personality descriptions apply specifically to them, despite description being general and applies to greater audience
50
List the Big 5 Theory
O.C.E.A.N.
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (also known as Emotional Reaction)
51
True or False: Personalties can be changed throughout life
True, personalities can change influenced by negative/positive life events.
tend to become more conscientious as we age
52
Define: Strength Theory
indicates the way in which personality translates in behavior depends on the strength of situation
53
"indicates the way in which personality translates in behavior depends on the strength of situation" describes ...
Strength Theory
54
What is the Dark Triad? List them.
undesirable values
narcissism
psychopathy
machiavellanism
55
"Egotistic and need for admiration. may surround themselves by "lesser" people to boost low self esteem" describes...
Narcissism
56
"Being impulsive and thrill seeking" describes
Psycopathy
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"exploits others to succeed. Not related to boosting self-esteem" describes ...
Machiavellanism
58
Define: Hexagonal Model of Vocational Interests
contends that career interests are an expression of individuals personality
59
6 points of Hexagonal Model of Vocational Interests
conventional, realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising
60
Hexagonal Model of Vocational Interests: Realistic
prefers physical activities that requires, skills, strength, and conditon
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Hexagonal Model of Vocational Interests: Investigative
prefers activities that involve thinking
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Hexagonal Model of Vocational Interests: Social
prefers activities that involve helping and developing others
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Hexagonal Model of Vocational Interests: Conventional
prefers rule regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities
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Hexagonal Model of Vocational Interests: Enterprising
verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence
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Hexagonal Model of Vocational Interests: Artistic
prefers ambiguous and allows activities that allow creative expression
66
Define: Complimentary Fit
adding to what is missing ie. a new group member
67
Define: Supplementary fit
adding people with same skills
68
Define: Values
stable and evaluative beliefs that guide our actions and judgement
69
True or False: Values are built on experience and environment
True
70
Define: Intelligence
No one definition but IQ comes close. IQ is all contextual
71
Define: Fluid Intelligence
ability to reason and think in an abstract manner, to see complex relationships and solve problems. ie. solving a puzzle
72
"ability to reason and think in an abstract manner, to see complex relationships and solve problems. ie. solving a puzzle" describes ....
Fluid Intelligence
73
Define: Crystallized Intelligence
accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills that are acquired throughout life
74
True or False: Highest general mental ability is the strongest best indicator of job performance
True
75
True or False: as job complexity increases, IQ becomes increasingly influential
True
76
GMA (IQ) are generally inconsistent in results
False, retesting will result in similar results
77
4 concepts of Emotional Intelligence
perceiving emotions, understanding emotions, managing emotions, and using emotions
78
perceiving emotions, understanding emotions, managing emotions, and using emotions are categorized as __________ Intelligence
Emotional
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Define: Surface acting
faking/hiding emotions to comply with display rules. Leads to emotional exhaustion
80
Define: deep acting
Making an effort to change inner feeling
81
What is the difference between knowledge and competence?
```
Knowledge = what do you know?
Competence = what can you do?
```
82
True or False: Experience has a moderate correlation with job performance.
False, experience is not a good predictor of future job performance
83
Define: Internal Locus of Control
takes responsibility and is persistent of outcome
| "I control my own destiny" mindset
84
Define: External Locus of Control
"others control my destiny" mindset
85
"others control my destiny" mindset describes ...
External Locus of Control
86
"I control my own destiny" mindset describes ...
Internal Locus of Control
87
self efficacy
individuals perception of their capabilities for action in the future
88
What is Perception?
a cognitive process by which individuals, organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment
89
Define: Attribution theory
attempting to determine whether an individuals behavior is internally or externally caused
90
"attempting to determine whether an individuals behavior is internally or externally caused" describes _____Theory
Attribution theory
91
Define: Fundamental attribution error
the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors
92
"the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors" describes _______
Fundamental attribution error
93
Define: Stereotype
generalized beliefs about particular social groups or class
94
True of False: we tend to Stereotype -> Categorize -> Prejudice -> Discriminate
False, we Categorize before we stereotype. It also doesn't always lead to discrimination because stereotypes are not always negative
95
Define: Categorization
the cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups
96
"the cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups" describes ...
Categorization
97
Define: Prejudice
feelings and attitudes about a particular group
98
"feelings and attitudes about a particular group" describe...
Prejudice
99
Define: Discrimination
negative behavior towards a social group
100
Why do we Stereotype?
it helps us simplify our complex world
101
identify one advantage and disadvantage of stereotyping
advantage: enables us to respond rapidly to new situations
disadvantage: can lead to wrong generalization and foster prejudice and discrimination
102
Describe the Self-fulfilling Prophecy
the process by which an individual's expectations about someone leads that person to behave in ways which confirm these expectations
103
"the process by which an individual's expectations about someone leads that person to behave in ways which confirm these expectations" describes ...
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
104
Define: Stereotype Threat
fear of confirming or being reduced to negative stereotypes about their group. Can lead to anxiety and performance decrements
105
"fear of confirming or being reduced to negative stereotypes about their group. Can lead to anxiety and performance decrements" describes ...
Stereotype threat
106
When applying for a Job, what is the first contact with employer? What should you avoid?
Resume is the first contact with potential employers when applying. Little to no personal information is recommended to reduce bias
107
True or False: most job interviews are unstructured
True, most interviews are unstructured and can result in biases
108
Identify 4 common Perceptual Biases
1) Halo Effect
2) Contrast effect
3) Primacy effect
4) Similar-to-me effect
109
Describe the difference between System 1 and 2
System 1 = fast, unconscious and automatic thinking (Heuristic)
System 2 = slow, conscious, and complex decision making. more reliable than system 1 (Rational Decision Model)
110
Define: Bounded Rationality
One's capability of processing information is limited to make a fully informed decision. (ie. most people respond to a complex problem by reducing it to a level we understand)
111
What is the least rational form of decision making?
Intuition
112
Describe Intuition
is the least rational decision making and is linked to system 1. It occurs outside the conscious mind
113
Define: Cognitive Bias
Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world.
114
Define: Framing effect
depending on how the situation is presented, our actions and answers are influenced
115
"depending on how the situation is presented, our actions and answers are influenced" describes ...
Framing effect
116
Define: Availability Bias
the tendency to base judgments on information readily available. example: fear of flying after recent news of a plane crash
117
Thoughts of being vegetarian after watching a slaughterhouse documentary is a result of ____ bias.
Availability bias
118
Define: Confirmation bias
the tendency to seek out information that reaffirms existing beliefs "We see what we want to see"
119
"the tendency to seek out information that reaffirms existing beliefs" describes ...
Confirmation Bias
120
Define: The Sunk Cost Fallacy
sticking to a decision even when there is clear evidence it is wrong
121
Staying in an unhealthy relationship because you've been together for 5 years is an example of _______
The Sunk Cost Fallacy
122
Describe Choice Overload
when people perceive more variety, they tend to raise their expectation
123
What are the advantages of individual decision-making?
1. faster than group decision making
| 2. easier to determine accountability
124
What are the disadvantages to individual decision making?
1. fewer ideas in brainstorming
| 2. tendency to rely on intuition and personal views
125
What are the advantages of group decision-making?
1. more complete information and knowledge
2. increased diversity of views
3. increased acceptance of views
126
What are the disadvantages of group decision-making?
1. time-consuming
2. vulnerable to conformity pressures
3. dominant group members
4. ambiguous responsibility
127
Define: Groupthink
occurs when a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision making
128
"when a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision making" describes ...
Groupthink
129
How can you minimize group think ... state a few
- monitor group size
- admit shortcomings and limitations
- plan time to look out for signs of group think
- impartial leadership
- play devils advocate
- stimulate active discussion and diverse alternatives
130
Define: Group Polarization
occurs when a group discussion reinforces the majority POV and shifts opinions to extreme
131
"when a group discussion reinforces the majority POV and shifts opinions to extreme" describes ...
Group polarization
132
Define: Shared information bias
the tendency to spend more time discussing information that all members are already familiar with and less time discussing info only a few members have.
133
"the tendency to spend more time discussing information that all members are already familiar with and less time discussing info only a few members have" describes ...
shared information bias
134
What are two methods to improve group decision making?
1. Brainstorming
| 2. Brainwriting (superior to brainstorming)
135
True or False; Brainstorming is superior to brainwriting.
False, social loafing and production blocking may arise during brainstorming
136
Define: Brainwriting
an alternative to brainstorming, where people write down their ideas and have other anonymously read it out and build on.
137
What is a better alternative to brainstorming in group decision making?
brainwriting
138
What is power?
power is the ability to get things done via knowledge, influence, and/or authority
139
Which of the 5 personality traits have high correlations in regards to good leadership?
extraversion, openness to change
140
True or False: Leadership is not an innate skill and can be learned
True, leaders are not born leaders
141
What are the 5 sources of power?
```
Legitimate power
Coercive power
Reward power
Expert power
Referent power
```
142
What is hard power (position power)?
power based on authority and social rank
143
What is soft power (personal power)?
soft power is more based on emotional influence than rank
144
Which of the 5 sources of power is hard power?
Legitimate, Coercive, Reward power
145
Which of the 5 sources of power are soft power?
Expert and Referent Power
146
State the 3 Core tactics of power?
Commitment, Compliance, and Decreasing Resistance
147
"using logical arguments and factual evidence" describes __________ to encourage _________
rational persuasion to encourage commitment
148
"creating enthusiasm appealing to values and emotions" describes _________ to encourage ____________
inspirational appeals to encourage commitment
149
"asking for suggestions" describes _________ to encourage __________
consultation to encourage commitment
150
"offering resources and assistance" describes _______ to encourage __________
collaboration to encourage commitment
151
"offering personal benefits" describes _______ to encourage _________
apprising to encourage compliance
152
"offering flattery and compliments" describes _________ to encourage ____________
ingratiation to encourage compliance
153
"using relationship and appealing to generosity, and empathy" describes __________ to encourage __________-
personal appeals to encourage compliance
154
"offering rewards and promises" describes ________ to encourage _________
exchange to encourage compliance
155
"creating a network of supporters ie. union" describes _________ to encourage ___________
coalition to encourage decreased resistance
156
"threatening and warning" describes __________ to encourage ____________
pressure to encourage decreased resistance
157
"referring to rules, policies, and hierarchy" describes ________ to encourage ___________
legitimating to encourage decreased resistance
158
True or False: Motivation = Personality trait
False, motivation = indivisual * specific context
motivation is not about the ability to concentrate but more about interest
159
Goals should be ______?
SMART
| specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, timely
160
______ describes when and how often to reinforce.
Reinforcement Schedule
161
define: fixed interval
a strategy of the reinforcement schedule were reinforcement is delivered at predictable intervals ie. salary
162
Define: fixed ratio
a strategy of the reinforcement schedule were reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses ie. giving bonus every time employe sells x amount
163
Define: Variable interval
a strategy of the reinforcement schedule were reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals
164
Define: Variable ratio
a strategy of the reinforcement schedule were reinforcement is delivered after unpredictable number of responses. ie. tips, gambling
165
"a strategy of the reinforcement schedule were reinforcement is delivered after unpredictable number of responses. ie. tips, gambling" describes ...
Variable Ratio
166
"a strategy of the reinforcement schedule were reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals " describes ...
Variable Interval
167
"a strategy of the reinforcement schedule were reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses ie. giving bonus every time employe sells x amount" describes ...
Fixed ratio
168
"a strategy of the reinforcement schedule were reinforcement is delivered at predictable intervals ie. salary" describes ...
fixed interval
169
What three methods of rewards were discussed in class?
Salary, Employee of the month, Variable pay (financial incentives)
170
True or False: Salary will motivate positive behavior. Why or why not.
False, salary and pay only motivates to a certain amount (up to $40,000) because of the adaptation level theory and relative pay
171
Define: adaption level theory
after a certain amount of time passes, we adjust and get used to whatever state we're in. ie. a pay rise of $40k to $60k will not have same emotions after 5 years
172
Define: Relative pay
the idea of desiring more than currently have because surrounding individuals make more.
173
Define: overjustification effect
is a phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform
174
"phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform" describes ...
overjustification effect
175
Define: extrinsic motivation
motivation to perform a behavior or engage in an activity to earn rewards or avoid punishment. (not just monetary could be recognition)
176
Define: Intrinsic motivation
engage in a behavior or activity because it is personally rewarding.
177
Define: Self Determination Theory
Motivation is not a unitary phenomenon. People have different amounts and different kinds of motivation.
178
"Motivation is not a unitary phenomenon. People have different amounts and different kinds of motivation." describes...
Self Deetermination Theory
179
Individuals have three basic needs which are universal and innate which are either satisfied or hindered by their immediate environment. List the 3 needs
Competence, Autonomy, Relatedness
180
Define: amotivation
having no motivation to do anything
181
Define: Competence
people need to gain mastery and be effective in their environment
182
"people need to gain mastery and be effective in their environment" describes
competence
183
Define: Autonomy
People need to feel in control of their own life, behaviors, and goals.
184
"People need to feel in control of their own life, behaviors, and goals" describes ...
Autonomy
185
Define: Relatedness
People need to experience a sense of belonging and connection with other people
186
"People need to experience a sense of belonging and connection with other people" describes
Relatedness
187
What are the three organizational justices?
Distributive justice
Procedural justice
Interactional justice
188
Define: Distributive justice
Perceived fairness of outcome
| ie. kitchen not earning tips
189
Define: Procedural justice
Perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards
ie. boss promoting incompetent brother
190
Define: Interactional justice
appropriateness of treatment one receives from authority influenced by the direct supervisor
191
Job Characteristic Model (JCM) describes ...
any job can be described in terms of five core job dimensions
192
what are the five core dimensions of JCM
skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback
