Human Biologg Lab

Question 1

What is the microscope?

Answer 1

Microscope: Is a coordinated system of lens arranged to produce an enlarged focusable image slide.

Question 2

What is the type of microscope?

Answer 2

1. Dissecting microscope
2. Compound (light) microscope
3. Electron microscope

Question 3

What is the ocular lens?

Answer 3

Ocular lens (eye piece): is the lens you look through, they made with different magnifications (6X, 10X, 15X).

Question 4

What is the body tube

Answer 4

Body tube: is the hallow tube through which light travels to the ocular.

Question 5

What is the revolving nose piece?

Answer 5

Revolving nose piece: this part located at the bottom of the body tube, used for changing the magnification power of objective lenses which mounted on it.

Question 6

What is the objective lens?

Answer 6

Objective lenses: are set of 3-4 lenses mounted on revolving nose piece which provide most of the magnification and improve resolution.
a. Scanning (small) lens (4x, 5X)
b. Low power (medium) lens (10X)
c. High power (large) lens (40X)
d. Oil immersion (largest) lens (100X) which must always be used with drop of oil.

Question 7

What is arm?

Answer 7

Arm: metal part of microscope, by which we can carry microscope.

Question 8

What is stage?

Answer 8

Stage: horizontal surface on which slide is placed.

Question 9

What is the condenser lens?

Answer 9

Condenser lens: a system of lens that concentrates light on the specimen above, located directly under the stage.

Question 10

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 10

Diaphragm: regulate the amount of light that pass to the specimen.

Question 11

What is the Course adjustment knob?

Answer 11

Course adjustment knob: they used for movement of stage up and down with large movement, used with scanning (4X) and low power lens (10X).

Question 12

What is fine adjustment knob?

Answer 12

Fine adjustment knob: they used for movement of stage up and down with slight movement, it used with high power and oil immersion lens.

Question 13

What is stage knobs?

Answer 13

Stage knobs: they are knob used to move stage to left, right, forward, and backward direction.

Question 14

What is Light source ?

Answer 14

Light source: the light source has on/off switch and may have adjustable intensities and color filters.

Question 15

What is base

Answer 15

Base: is the metal part of the microscope it is the part of stabling the microscope on the table and also used for carrying microscope.

Question 16

Robert hooke made in an improved…………. And viewed thin slices of …… viewing plant cell wall

Answer 16

Microscope,cork

Question 17

What is the Structure of Eukaryotic cell

Answer 17

•Plasma membrane: is a lipid bilayer separating the inside of cell from outside. In plants the plasma membrane is usually covered by a cell wall.
• Cytoplasm: 80% water, 15% proteins, 5% lipids, sugar, and salts.

Question 18

…………………..published cell theory

Answer 18

Schwann and sheilden

Question 19

What is the theory schwan and schleiden ?

Answer 19

this theory states that the cell is the basic units of the life and that all living organism are composed of one or more cells.

Question 20

……………. Said all cells divided and come from the old cells

Answer 20

Virchow

Question 21

What is lysosomes?

Answer 21

Lysosome: contain hydrolytic enzymes for hydrolysis of particles.

Question 22

What is the cell division?

Answer 22

Cell division is the process by which new cells are formed in order to reproduction, growth, repair, and replacement in the body.

Question 23

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 23

Is the series of events that take place in a cell that results in DNA replication and cell division.
There are two main stages in the cell cycle: interphase and the mitotic (M) phase.

Question 24

What is the interphase?

Answer 24

The longest phase of cell cycle, it is the stage between ending and starting of cell division. This
stage is divided in to three parts: G1, S and G2 phases.

Question 25

Describe the part of division interphase?

Answer 25

G1= Increasing in cell size, functional protein synthesis and preparation for DNA Replication. S= DNA replication. G2= Preparation for mitosis, the cell continues to grow, duplication of organelles and protein synthesis. M= Mitosis and cytokinesis.

Question 26

What is the characteristic of prophase?

Answer 26

• Chromatin material shortens and thickens in to individual chromosomes which are visible under the light microscope. • Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear. • Centrioles moving to the opposite poles of the cell. • Spindle fibers are formed.

Question 27

What is the characteristic of metaphase?

Answer 27

•Chromosomes arrange themselves in the equatorial plane of the cell to form the metaphase plate. • Each chromosome is attached to the spindle fibers by its centromere.

Question 28

What characteristic of anaphase?

Answer 28

• Centromeres divide; chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. • Each chromatid now has its own centromere and named as daughter chromosome.

Question 29

What characteristic of telophase

Answer 29

•Chromosome unwind and loss their condensed structure and become network of chromatin material. •Spindle fiber disappear. Reple •Nucleolus and nuclear envelope reappear around each group of chromosomes. • Plasma membrane indent to form cleavage furrow around the cell, soon the two daughter cells are separates (Cytokinesis).

Question 30

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 30

The process by which the cytoplasm divides and one cell becomes two individual cells.

Question 31

What is the spermatogenesis?

Answer 31

Spermatogenesis: is the process by which sperm cells (spermatozoa) are produced from spermatogonia.

Question 32

What is the Oogenesis?

Answer 32

Oogenesis: is the process by which ova cells are produced from oogonia.

Question 33

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Answer 33

• Protection: skin is made up of epithelial tissue provide protection from mechanical abrasion, chemical penetration, and bacterial invasion. •Secretion: the glands which are derivatives of the épithelium secrete useful chemical substances like hormones, enzymes, saliva, mucous, sweat, etc. • Sensation: tongue and nasal passages which contain epithelial cells specialized to receive certain kinds of external stimuli. • Absorption: the epithelial lining of the digestive tract absorbs nutrient.

Question 34

What is the connective tissue?

Answer 34

Connective tissues, unlike epithelia, are not rest on the basement membrane, it is composed of cells, fibers and ground substance. Is the most abundant tissue type in the body.

Question 35

What is the classification of connective tissue?

Answer 35

I. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Adipose tissues the main sites of lipid storage, found under the skin and around the kidneys. I. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Such as tendons, connect muscles to bones and ligaments, connect bones to other bones. III. VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Including blood and lymph.

Question 36

What is the erythrocytes

Answer 36

They are the most abundant element, their shape is biconcave and without nucleus, RBC contain a protein called hemoglobin which is responsible for the transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.