Human Body Flashcards
(26 cards)
Inhalation
- Diaphragm contracts, moves down and flattens
- Intercostal muscles contract
- Rib cage up and out
- Volume of lungs increase, air pressure decreases
- Air pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
- Air moves in
Exhalation
- Diaphragm relaxes, moves up and domes
- Intercostal muscles relax
- Ribs move down and in
- Volume of lungs decreases, pressure increases
- Air pressure is higher in lungs that atmosphere
- Air moves out
Exercise Increases BR
- Removal of CO2
- Removal of Lactic Acid - prevent cramps
- Repay OXygen Debt
Exercise Increases HR
- More oxygenated blood to muscles
- More aerobic respiration
- More energy produced to contract
Tobacco
- Contains carbon monoxide
- Binds to haemoglobin
- Reduces oxygen carrying capacity in blood
Smokers Cough
- tobacco destroys cilia or tar cover the cilia
- cilia cannot sweep away the mucus
- mucus enters lungs
- chest infections and coughs
Emphysema
- Smoke reaches alveoli
- alveoli walls break down
- alveoli fuse together
- decreases SA for gas exchange
- less oxygen in blood
Factors that increase chance of coronary heart disease
Diet - High content of saturated fats
Smoking - Increases blood pressure
High blood pressure - damages artery lining
Obesity - increase blood pressure and poor diet
Lack of Exercise - high blood pressure
Components of Blood
- Red Blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
- Plasma
Plasma
Transports substances
- CO2
- Urea
- Digested food
- Hormones
- Heat energy
White Blood Cells
PRotect the body against pathogens
White blood cells are made of two things…
- Phagocytes - engulf and digest pathogens using enzymes
- Lymphocytes - produce and release antibodies
Destruction of pathogens
- Bacteria stick together - easier to engulf and destroy
- Antibodies cause bacterial cells to burst open
- Antibodies bind to toxins and neutralise them
Antibodies
- prevent infection
- by destroying pathogens
- provides immunity
Developing immunity
- lymphocytes develop memory cells
- If a pathogen re-enters the body the memory cell recognise the antigen quickly
- rapidly produce specific antibodies
- pathogen is destroyed
Coronary Heart Disease
- high content of saturated fats in diet
- build up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries
- narrow the lumen
- Restricts blood flow
- less oxygen transported to heart for aerobic repsiration
- anaerobic respiration in heart
- Produces lactic acid
- Cramping of the hear = heart attack
Immune Response
- Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogen
- Lymphocytes produce antibodies
- antibodies bind to a specific antigen
- destroys pathogens
Immunity
Prevents reinfection by the same micro-organism
Platelets
Fragements of large cell made in the bone marrow
Blood Clotting
Prevents blood loss
Prevents micro-organisms entering blood
Blood Clotting Process
• Skin is cut and blood is exposed to air
• Stimulates the platelets and damaged tissue to release a chemical
• Solubl eprotein fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin fibres
• The fibrin forms a network/mesh around the wound which traps RBCs
• This forms a clot, which prevents further loss of blood and entry of pathogens
• The clot develops into a scab which protects the damged tissue while the new skin grows
Vaccination
An agent that contains the same antigen to a specific pathogen
Advantages of Vacinnes
- Protection from diseases
- control of common diseases
- Prevent outbreaks
Disadvantages of Vaccines
- Dont always give full immunity
- Bad reactions - swelling, fevers, seizures
