Human Development

Question 1

Ainsworth’s strange situation task

Answer 1

A test developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess attachment styles in infants by observing their reactions to separations and reunions with their caregivers.

Question 2

Animism

Answer 2

The belief, common in young children, that inanimate objects have human feelings and intentions.

Question 3

Anxious attachment

Answer 3

A type of insecure attachment where individuals are overly dependent on others and fear abandonment.

Question 4

Avoidant attachment

Answer 4

A type of insecure attachment where individuals avoid closeness and emotional connections.

Question 5

Carol Gilligan

Answer 5

Psychologist known for her work on moral development, emphasizing differences between male and female perspectives.

Question 6

Centration

Answer 6

A cognitive limitation in young children where they focus on one aspect of a situation and ignore others.

Question 7

Cephalocaudal

Answer 7

The pattern of growth and development from head to toe in infants.

Question 8

Concrete operational

Answer 8

Piaget’s stage (7-11 years) where children develop logical thinking but struggle with abstract concepts.

Question 9

Conservation

Answer 9

The understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance.

Question 10

Conventional level

Answer 10

Kohlberg’s stage of moral development where individuals conform to societal rules and expectations.

Question 11

Cross-sectional study

Answer 11

A research method that compares different age groups at one point in time.

Question 12

Egocentrism

Answer 12

A child’s difficulty in understanding perspectives other than their own.

Question 13

Emerging adulthood

Answer 13

A developmental phase (18-25 years) where individuals explore identity, relationships, and career paths.

Question 14

Formal operational

Answer 14

Piaget’s stage (12+ years) where individuals develop abstract and logical thinking.

Question 15

Harry Harlow

Answer 15

Psychologist known for studies on attachment in monkeys, showing the importance of comfort and security.

Question 16

Identity achievement

Answer 16

Erikson’s concept of resolving identity crises and developing a clear sense of self.

Question 17

Identity diffusion

Answer 17

A lack of direction or commitment in identity development.

Question 18

Identity foreclosure

Answer 18

Committing to an identity without personal exploration, often influenced by parents or society.

Question 19

Identity moratorium

Answer 19

A phase of active identity exploration without commitment.

Question 20

Irreversibility

Answer 20

A cognitive limitation where young children struggle to mentally reverse actions or steps.

Question 21

John Bowlby

Answer 21

Psychologist who proposed attachment theory, emphasizing that infants are biologically programmed to seek care and protection.

Question 22

Longitudinal study

Answer 22

A research method that follows the same group over a long period to observe changes.

Question 23

Object permanence

Answer 23

Understanding that objects exist even when they cannot be seen.

Question 24

Postconventional level

Answer 24

Kohlberg’s highest stage of moral development, where decisions are guided by ethical principles.

Question 25

Preconventional level

Answer 25

Kohlberg’s first level of moral development, where behavior is driven by rewards and punishments.

Question 26

Preoperational

Answer 26

Piaget’s stage (2-7 years) where children develop symbolic thinking but struggle with logic.

Question 27

Proximodistal

Answer 27

Development pattern from the center of the body outward.

Question 28

Scaffolding

Answer 28

Vygotsky’s concept of providing structured support to help learners achieve tasks they could not do alone.

Question 29

Secure attachment

Answer 29

A healthy attachment style where individuals feel safe and connected but can be independent.

Question 30

Sensorimotor

Answer 30

Piaget’s stage (0-2 years) where infants learn through sensory experiences and actions.

Question 31

Symbolic play

Answer 31

Pretend play where children use objects to represent other things.

Question 32

Teenage brain

Answer 32

The developing adolescent brain, characterized by heightened emotions and impulsivity due to an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex.

Question 33

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Answer 33

Theory that cognitive development is shaped by social and cultural interactions.

Question 34

Zone of proximal development

Answer 34

The range of tasks a learner can perform with guidance but not yet independently.

Question 35

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 35

Infancy (0-1 year): Developing trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection.

Question 36

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Answer 36

Toddlerhood (1-3 years): Developing independence or feeling doubt in one's abilities.

Question 37

Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 37

Preschool (3-6 years): Taking initiative in activities or feeling guilty about efforts.

Question 38

Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 38

School age (6-12 years): Developing competence in skills or feeling inadequate.

Question 39

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 39

Adolescence (12-18 years): Exploring and forming a personal identity or feeling confused.

Question 40

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 40

Young adulthood (18-40 years): Forming intimate relationships or experiencing loneliness.

Question 41

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer 41

Middle adulthood (40-65 years): Contributing to society or feeling unproductive.

Question 42

Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 42

Late adulthood (65+ years): Reflecting on life with satisfaction or regret.