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SUPA Psychology > Test 1- Memory > Flashcards

Test 1- Memory Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Three Key Processes of Memory

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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2
Q

Encoding

A

Getting information into memory

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3
Q

Storage

A

How things get into memory

Divided into long and short term memory

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

How is the information pulled out of memory

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5
Q

The Role of Attention

A

The more your attention is divided, the less you will remember

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6
Q

Levels of Processing

A

Structural (physical structure)

Phonemic (sounds)

Semantic (relating to another memory)-> deepest

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7
Q

Ways to improve encoding

A

Visual imagery (imagining things when remembering)

Elaboration (thinking of examples in your own life)

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8
Q

Storage

A

Sensory Memory

Short-term Memory

Long-term Memory

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9
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Things experienced through senses

lasts ~1 second

If remembered, it moves to short term memory

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10
Q

Short-term Memory

A

Limited duration (~20 seconds)

limited capacity (4+-1)

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11
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating thoughts to extend short-term memory

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12
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping items into more meaningful units to improve short-term memory

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13
Q

Working Memory

A

Active short-term memory

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14
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Memory of movements in order

(ex. doing one thing then another then another)

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15
Q

Long-term Memory

A

Unlimited capacity and length

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16
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Vivid recollections of major events

no more accurate than standard memories

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17
Q

Clustering

A

Remembering items in groups

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18
Q

Conceptual Hierarchies

A

Multi-level classification system based on properties

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19
Q

Schemas

A

Clusters of knowledge about things applied to new situations

use past experience for new situations

stereotype: can make you remember things consistent with your schema that is not actually present

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20
Q

Semantic Networks

A

Memories are connected

recalling one can lead to another

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21
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting information out of memory

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22
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Remembering items at the beginning and end of a list

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23
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Tendency to remember at the beginning of the list

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24
Q

Recency Effect

A

Tendency to remember things at the end of a list

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25
Isolation Effect
Tendency to remember unusual things
26
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Memory emerges as details are revealed happens around once a week occurs more with age
27
Context Cues
Surroundings help trigger memory recall
28
Misinformation Effect
Memory distorted by leading questions or media
29
Reality and Source Monitoring
Determining if a memory is real or imagined
30
Ebbinghaus' Forgetting Curve
Shows how information is lost over time based on one of the first big experiments in psych memory has a big drop off early on, then continues to drop as time passes but more gradually. (logarithmic)
31
Recall
Pulling memories out without cues more difficult
32
Recognition
identifying things when presented Easier
33
Pseudoforgetting
Not actually remembering what was never memorized harder to remember after as time was not spent memorizing
34
Decay
Forgetting due to passage of time
35
Interference
Forgetting due to competing memories
36
Proactive Interference
Old info interferes with new info
37
Retroactive Interference
New info interferes with old info
38
P.O.R.N
P: Proactive interferes with the… O: Old R: Retroactive interferes with the… N: New
39
State Dependent Memory
Memory can depend on the internal/mental state of the person. ex. Happy= remembering happy memory
40
Context Dependent Memory
Memory is easier to recall in the context it was encoded
41
Motivated Forgetting
Forgetting unpleasant memories (repression) has both skeptics and supporters
42
Skeptics of Repressed Memories
® Do not think that individuals are lying on purpose ® Therapists may ask leading questions until the patient creates a false memory ® Many studies show that it is easy to create false memories ® Some court cases discredit the existence of repressed memories ® Misinformation effect, source monitoring, and other researched areas show us that memory is not as reliable as many of us think.
43
Supporters of Repressed Memories:
® Abuse is more common than we think ® Repression is a natural response to trauma ® Lab research on implanting memories cannot be compared to emotional events like sexual abuse
44
Amnesia
Retrograde (forget past) Anterograde (can't form new memories)
45
Hippocampus
Brain region associated with memory
46
Consolidation
Hypothetical process of solidifying long-term memories
47
Declarative Memory
Factual Memory
48
Nondeclarative/ Procedural Memory
Things that aren't as factual, "showing not telling" ex. riding a bike Emotional memory
49
Declarative: Semantic
General knowledge ex. Paris is the capital of France
50
Declarative: Episodic
More personal factual memory ex. remembering you got sick in France
51
Retrospective Memory
Thinking about what happened in the past
52
Prospective Memory
Reminding yourself of something in the future
53
Destination Memory
-- Not on Test-- The process of remembering to whom one has told information
54
Dual-coding theory
Theory that states that memory can be enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes
55
Source Monitoring
The process of making inferences about the origins of memories. can be difficult to pinpoint the source of a memory
56
Source-monitoring Error
Occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source. people can remember seeing things that someone else told them
57
Retention Interval
The length of time between the presentation of materials to be remembered, and the measurement of forgetting
58
Relearning
A measure of retetention that requires a participant to memorize information a second time, later in the future, to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before
59
Mnemonic Devices
Making information personally meaningful
60
Mnemonic Device: Acrostics & Acronyms
Acrostics: Phrases in which the first letter of each word or line functions as a cue to help you recall info Acronyms: A work formed out of the first letters of a series of words
61
Mnemonic Device: Link Method
Forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together. The stranger the image, the stronger the memory
62
Mnemonic Device: Method of Loci
Involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations Images on the path should serve as cues for the retrieval of memories

SUPA Psychology (6 decks)

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