Human Development and Counseling Theories Flashcards
(40 cards)
What is theories of Attachment?
The theory that humans are born with a need to form a close emotional bond with a caregiver and that such a bond will develop during the first six months of a child’s life if the caregiver is appropriately responsive.
Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues using the Strange Situation. “Anxious-resistant” children/“Anxious-avoidant” children
What is Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory?
Piaget suggests that children move through four major stages of development:
Sensorimotor intelligence stage: birth to 2 years (Object permanence)
Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7
Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11
Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up
What is the Sensorimotor stage?
- The infant knows the world through their movements and sensations.
- Children learn about the world through basic actions such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listening
- Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen (object permanence).
- They are separate beings from the people and objects around them.
- They realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them.
What is the Preoperational Stage?
- Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects.
- Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.
- While they are getting better with language and thinking, they still tend to think about things in very concrete terms.
What is assimilation?
The process of keeping existing knowledge and schemas intact and finding a new place to interpret them.
What is accommodation?
Involves actually changing one’s existing knowledge of a topic and building new schemas about how the world works in response to new information.
What is Elkind’s Adolescent Egocentrism?
An attempt to help make sense of teen’s emotional states; adolescents become aware of the flaws of others; thus becoming obsessed with what others think about their own personal flaws.
What is Elkind’s Imaginary Audience?
Adolescent belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves.
What is Elkind’s Personal Fable?
An exaggerated sense of uniqueness; no one can understand how they really feel; could lead to a sense of invulnerability.
What is Baumrind’s Parenting Styles?
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive/indulgent
What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?
The key idea in Erikson’s theory is that individual faces a conflict at each stage, which may or may not be successfully resolved within that stage. The stages are:
Trust vs mistrust (0-1);
Autonomy vs shame (1-3);
Initiative vs guilt (3-6),
Industry vs inferiority (6-12),
Identity vs role confusion (12-19),
Intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood),
Generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood),
Integrity vs despair (late adulthood)
What is the Free-Radical Theory of Aging?
A theory positing that aging is caused by accumulation of damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROC). An increasing number of studies contradict it.
What are the Kubler-Ross’ Stages of Grieving?
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?
- Emphasized that individuals actively construct their knowledge.
- Portrayed development as inseparable from social and cultural activities.
- Children’s and adolescents’ social interaction with more-skilled adults and peers is indispensable to their cognitive development.
What is Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?
A theory that moral development occurs in a series of six stages. Posits that moral logic is primarily focused on seeking and maintaining justice.
L1. Preconventional Morality:
1) Obedience and punishment;
2) Individualism and Exchange
L2. Conventional Morality:
3) Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships;
4) Maintaining Social Order
L3. Postconventional Morality:
5) Social Contract and Individual Rights;
6) Universal Principles
What is Marcia’s Four Statuses of Identity?
Marcia’s theory argues that two distinct parts form an adolescent’s identity: crisis and commitment.
- Diffusion (low exploration, low commitment);
- Foreclosure (low exploration, high commitment);
- Moratorium (high exploration, low commitment)
- Achievement (high exploration, high commitment)
What is ageism?
Stereotyping and/or discrimination against individuals or groups on the basis of their age.
What is stereotyping of older adults?
Older adults are often stereotyped and studies show this affects the performance and stamina of older adults
What is Psychoanalysis?
A theory derived by Freud involving:
Love, sex, and social rules.
Unconscious mind and dreams.
Early childhood has a large part on who we become.
What is the unconscious mind?
Hidden ideas, thoughts, or feelings that a person is unaware of. (Freud)
What is repression?
Defense mechanism to the ego, unconscious forgetting. (Freud)
What is free association?
Share whatever comes to mind with no censoring (Freud)
What is the Id, Ego, and Superego?
ID – The basic instinct principle in Freudian theory. It is the seat of aggression and sexual impulse. It is devoid of logic and time orientation. It is chaotic and bodily focused.
EGO – The reality principle in Freudian theory. It indicates power of reasoning and control over behavior and it helps keep the impulses of the id in check.
SUPEREGO – Our moral conscience that is found in the conscious and unconscious mind. (Freud)
What is Genetics?
Genetics is the scientific study of genes and heredity—of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence
