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Biology 1620 > Human Evolutoin > Flashcards

Human Evolutoin Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does human evolution begin at?

A

Primates with a mammal order of about 250 spp. out of 4500 mammal species

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2
Q

What are some Characteristics of Primates

A

Stereoscopic color vision, Boney orbits (protects eyes, and great deep perception((vine jump))
Large brain relative to body size

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3
Q

Primates are largely tree-dwelling (______) and _____

A

Arboreal, Tropical

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4
Q

The more your eyes are together, the ____ peripheral vision.

A

Less

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5
Q

Primates have free ______ at the shoulder and half _____ at the elbow.

A

Rotation

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6
Q

What are the hand characteristics of opposable thumbs?

A

Flat nails, no claws, sensitive fingers and opposable thumbs

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7
Q

What primates have we noses and which have dry noses?

A

Stepsirhines have wet noses (lorses, galagos, lemurs

Haplorhines have dry noses

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8
Q

Anthropoidea (Semiiformers) are categorized into what?

A

Platyrhines and Cararrhines

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9
Q

Platyrhines are known as ?

A

New-world monkeys

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10
Q

Catarrhines are known as

A

Cercopithecoids and Hominoids

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11
Q

Cerocopithecoids are known as ?

A

Old-World Monkeys

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12
Q

Hominoids are known as?

A

Apes (including humans)

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13
Q

The spider monkey is a ?

A

Platyrhine (New world Monkey)

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of Catarrhines?

A

No prehensile tail, 2 premolars, narrow nasal septum .

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15
Q

How many premolars do Platyrhines have?

A

3

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16
Q

What do cararrhines use to help locate fruit?

A

Trichromatic color(3 retinal pigments or OPSIN)

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17
Q

What are the 3 areas of the catarrhines mouth?

A

Canine, Molars premolar, incisors

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18
Q

What is the catarrhines dental formula?

A

2.1.2.3

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19
Q

The Hamadryas _______ are largely ground dwelling and highly ______. They are also labeled as _________ old-world monkeys

A

Baboon, Social, Catarrhines

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20
Q

The sexually selected nose monkey is known as a?

A

Proboscis Monkey (Catarrhine)

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21
Q

What is brachiation and who is it found in?

A

A posture that is more erect than in monkey ,

Hominoids

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of Hominoids?

A

Arms and shoulders more flexible, spine stiffer; scapula more dorsal so arms can extend laterally.

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23
Q

What causes a loss of a tail in Homoinods?

A

Larger pelvis.

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24
Q

Do hominoids jump through trees (branch to branch)?

A

NO

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25
Label some hominoids
Gibbons, Orang, Gorilla, 2 Species of Chimps, and HUMANS
26
In what hominoid are arms larger then legs?
Gibbons
27
Explain some characteristics of Hominoid Orangutan:
Old Man of the Woods, Fruit eaters, not social only occasionally on forest floor, and population difference in culture. (Sumatran, clear face) (Bornean, lumps on side of face)
28
What describes branch to branch movement in hominoids?
Habitual Brachiation
29
Explain some characteristic of the Catarrhine Hominoid Gorilla
Dominated by male silverbacks, a male-male competition (polygyny) Males are about twice as big as females
30
What two catagories are there of Chimps?
Bonobo (DARKER) and Chimpanzee
31
What are some characteristics of Chimps?
Extended child care, prolonged adolescence, puberty at 8-10yrs.
32
Where do most chimps spend their time/activity?
They sleep on trees, but often on ground, because they are known as knuckle-walker.
33
What to chimps eat?
Omnivores
34
What hominoid, except humans, use stones to crack nuts?
Chimps (extensive tool use)
35
What is the order of Hominoids starting from old world monkeys?
Old world Monkeys, gibbon , Orang, Gorilla, Chimp, Humans
36
What is the order of Ancestral Primates to Old-World Monkeys?
Lemurs, lorises, and bush babies, New World Monkeys, and Old World Monkeys
37
What do we rely on for the evolution in the lineage of H. Sapiens?
Fossil records
38
Where do the fossil records come from ( years)
From about 6 mil yrs ago to 100,00 years ago (AMH, anatomically humans)
39
Where were fossils for H. Sapiens mostly found (area)
Rift Valley of Africa
40
Where does the Human Branch come off the Chimps?
Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4-5.0 mya)
41
What are some characteristic of Ardipithecus Ramidus ?
Faculatively bipedal, good tree-climber, grasping big toe, woodland omnivore, forested habitat, REDUCED CANNINES, and brain about 300-350 cm^3 (4.5 mya)
42
Were A.Ramidus more like apes or Humans?
Apes
43
Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus Afarensis, and Australopithecus Africanus & Garhi were all what?
Partially Bipedal
44
A. Afarensis were also know as?
Lucy (3 mya)
45
Lucy showed what unique characteristics?
a Vertebrate column, the big toe in line, and a heel strike
46
The Laetoli tracks refer to what and what hominoid?
The lack of a splayed big toes (all toes parallel to axis of foot)
47
A. Afarensis showed what unique characteristics?
4 feet tall (100-160 cm; sexually dimorphic?) | Projecting JAW, Muscle Jaw
48
Which hominoid contained the first curved phalanges?
A. Afarensis
49
What was the brain size ratio for A. Afarensis ?
The brain size ration was much closer to chimps than humans
50
What is autogeny ?
The comparison of young to adult
51
Do we have autogeny for A. Afarensis/
Yes
52
What humanoids excited together?
Australopithecus Sediba , Paranthropus Robustus/ boisei/ aethiopicus Homo Habilis, and Ergaster (erectus)
53
What humanoids excited together?
AustralopitheCUS Sediba , Paranthropus Robustus/ boisei/ aethiopicus Homo Habilis, and Ergaster (erectus)
54
Which hominoid showed a sagittal crest ?
Robust AustralopitheCINES
55
Paranthropus robustus/ boisei/ aethiopicus are all part of a what?
Side branch (PARA = attached to side)
56
What are some unique paranthropus characteristics?
Sagittal crests, Massive JAW muscles & TEETH | Small Brains
57
What hominoid was only found as a kid?
A. Africanus
58
The Taung Child was how old and hominoid?
2-3 years old and A. Africanus
59
What was the first hominoid to show a bigger brain size and what was the volume in cc's.
A. Africanus, 490cc
60
What is a forward foramen magnum, and what hominoid was it found in?
It made room for a bigger brain, and A. Africanus
61
The Australopithecus Garhi was a _____ candidate. It was found in ______ and most likely a descendent of_____?
Week, Africa, A. Afarensis
62
What skeleton indicates candidate for the ancestor to homo but is a week candidate?
A. Garhi (Post-cranial Skeleton)
63
What hominoid shares the most derived features with early HOMO species than other australopithecines?
A. Sediba
64
The A. Sediba is mostly a descendent of what other Australopithecus
A. Africanus
65
Was the homo habilis fully bipedal?
NO
66
The homo habilis was also know as ?
ardipithecus
67
Name all the HOMO's from order.
Homo Habilis, H.ergaster, H.erectus, H. neanderthalensis , H. sapiens
68
Homo Naledi described what time of the HOMO speices and are its remains yet known?
Early, NO
69
The brain-to-body size ratio increased in what Hominoid and what are its cc?
Homo | Habilis 650-800, Erectus 900-1200, Sapiens 1200-1400.
70
What activity made objects increasingly sophisticated over time?
Making tools out of stones.
71
What are the tool categories and their proper species utilization?
``` Oldwan (Habilis) made of own bones Acheulean (Erectus) (Middle stone age- Middle Paleolithic) Mousterian (Neanderthalensis) (Late stone age- Upper Paleolithic) Aurignacian (Sapiens) ```
72
What are the tools used by homos categorization called?
Paleolithic tools
73
The turkana boy was 10-12 years old and fully ______. He was cataogerized as Early African _____ or _____.
Bipedal, H. erectus, H ergaster.
74
What was the cranial capacity of Turkana boy, and what he a modern human or ape?
900cc and Neither
75
What was the first species out of Africa?
H. Georgicus (or H. erectus) In republic of gerogia (1.7 mya)
76
What two examples are no anatomically modern?
Turkana boy and H. Georgicus
77
Java man and Beijing man were both _____ and found in _____ and _____.
H. Erectus | Indonesia and China
78
Which hominoid had a cranial volt for Cortex?
Neanderthals
79
Neanderthals were found from about ______ to about ____ in _____ and _____ ___
400,000 -40,00 years ago, Europe and Western Asia
80
What are some unique characteristics of Neanderthals?
Prominent browridge, bulbous nose, sloping forehead, stock body build
81
The fleshed out version of the Neanderthal is based on skull from ____.
Iraq
82
What are two distinctions between H. Neanderthalensis and H. Sapiens?
Occipital Bun and bigger Jaw Lines in Neanderthals
83
H. Sapiens have _____ retraction below the brain case. They also have neurocranial globularity meanin?
Facial, Rounded Skulls
84
H. Sapiens had this instead of Occipital Bun
Paramorphic Brain
85
What are the two Hypothesis of H. Sapiens in modern form?
Multiregional Model and Replacement (Out-of-Africa) model
86
What does the Multiregional Model entail?
H. Sapiens or Erectus disperse throughout the Old World and evolved together to modern form with abundant GENE flow.
87
What does the Replacement model entail?
A single group evolved into modern form from Africa and the only relatively recently dispersed from Africa and replace all Archaic (current models) forms, including Neanderthals
88
In the Replacement Model, where were Neanderthals replaced?
Asia & Europe.
89
What is the current consensus for emergence of H. Sapiens in modern form?
The LEAKY Replacement Model: Not a strict replacement model.

Biology 1620 (8 decks)

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