Population Ecology

Question 1

What is the study of interaction between organism and their environment (all components) ?

Answer 1

Ecology (Environmental Scientist, Behaviorist, and Water Chemist).

Question 2

Name some abiotic components:

Answer 2

Light, water, wind, nutrients, pH, etc.

Question 3

Name some biotic components:

Answer 3

Other organisms as competitors, predators, parasites, prey, hosts, and mutualists

Question 4

Ecology seeks to explain the ________ and _______ of organisms.

Answer 4

Distribution

Abundances

Question 5

Why did Cattle egrets migrate form Africa?

Answer 5

Natural Expansion

Question 6

What are the different levels of ecological studies? (6)

Answer 6

Organismal Ecology (Behavior), Population Ecology (Single Species @ a population level), Community ecology (Multiple Species interactions), Ecosystem Ecology, Landscape and Global Ecology (Environmental Species), and Biodiversity (Species going extinct)

Question 7

The 3 ways to describe a population?

Answer 7

Growing, Shrinking, or staying the same.

Question 8

Insect population tend to ?

Answer 8

Fluctuate

Question 9

Density and Dispersion are other forms of describing ______?

Answer 9

Population

Question 10

Dispersion in a population is categorized by ? (3)

Answer 10

Clumped (Fish) , Uniform (Territory| Penguin), and Random (Grass patches)
Dispersion tell how an individual is distributed in space.

Question 11

Vital Statistic are used to understand what in a population? (Demography)

Answer 11

Why its growing or not.

Question 12

What are the 4 vital Statistics?

Answer 12

Age Structure (No. of individuals at each age), Birth Rates (Average number of births through age classes), Death Rates (deaths/ person at each age), and Generation time (average time between the birth of a female and the birth of her offspring)

Question 13

Generation Time in a vital statistic is effected by what?

Answer 13

Average time between the birth of a female and birth of her offspring.

Question 14

In demography,____ ______ account for births and deaths to get _________

Answer 14

Life Tables, Generations

Question 15

Life tables calculate ?

Answer 15

Life expectancies, and rate of increase (Insurance rates)

Question 16

A cohort is used to?

Answer 16

Make a lifetable and to follow individuals born at the same time until deaths.

Question 17

4 centuries ago, ___ _____, created one of the first Life Tables

Answer 17

John Graunt

Question 18

In J. Graunts life table, how many individuals had died?

Answer 18

60% by age 16

Question 19

In a life table Proportion, (lx) is what?

Answer 19

No. Alive

Question 20

In a life table, Mx represents?

Answer 20

Offspring of female

Question 21

The net replacement rate= the sum of (__) times (__) for each age class, :

Answer 21

lx, Mx

Question 22

If the net replacement rate for each age classes equals 1 then,

Answer 22

The population is stable, neither growing or shrinking

Question 23

If the net replacement rate for each age classes equals <1 then the population is?

Answer 23

Shrinking

Question 24

In some species we can calculate R0 for different Phenotypes (or genotypes) to measure?

Answer 24

Fitness

Question 25

What data can be used for survivorship curves/

Answer 25

Life table datas

Question 26

In the graph for Survivorship curves , the log scale (y-axis) is ?

Answer 26

Per Capital

Question 27

In type II survivorship curves, 50% of all ages have the ____probability of _____. This looks like a downward slope only if the Number of survivors are ______ and age is changed to _______ ___ ____

Answer 27

Same, dying | Log Scale, Percentage of Maximum life span.

Question 28

What are the three types of Survivorship Curves and their meanings?

Answer 28

Type I: Little juvenile mortality, and most likely parental care in animals. Type II: Age independent morality Type III: Mortality is high in juvenile age.

Question 29

The traits that affect a populations schedule of births & deaths are called ? and what do they have a strong effect on?

Answer 29

Life-history traits, Fitness

Question 30

Life-History traits account for ______?

Answer 30

Population Vital Statistics: Life-Span, Age of first reproduction, Clutch or litter size, Number of reproductive bouts

Question 31

What are the two reproduction variations and what do they mean?

Answer 31

Semelplarity: Have sex once, then die. (This is favored) SALMON, CENTURY PLANT Iteroparity: Repeated reproduction. OAK TREES, HUMANS

Question 32

In iteroparity, what are the negative effects?

Answer 32

Raising too many off spring

Question 33

Current reproduction and Survival or Future reproduction are known as what?

Answer 33

Trade offs

Question 34

What is the trade off of Spring and Summer ______?

Answer 34

Spring do not have predators to worry about and therefore gain the ability to lay many eggs, but Summer respond by having a sharp head and tail spin for defense against predators.

Question 35

How can we retrieve population size at any given time?

Answer 35

By modeling a populations capacity to grow. Exponential Model

Question 36

How do we keep the Exponential Model a set limit?

Answer 36

By inserting the Logistic Growth Model (K-N)/K

Question 37

In the logistic growth model, K is presented as what?

Answer 37

Carrying Capacity or Maximum population size that can be supported by available resources

Question 38

In the logistic growth model, N can not surpass what variable?

Answer 38

K

Question 39

If in logistic growth, N exceeds K, then what happens to the graph?

Answer 39

It becomes negative

Question 40

What bounds/regulates population? (5)

Answer 40

``` Density-dependent factors (Mortality Factors): Food & Water resources Predation Vector-Transmitted disease Territorial Behavior Toxic Wastes ```

Question 41

Explain Positively density factors

Answer 41

When population gets higher the more deaths meaning its keeps population at a higher level (Mortality goes up) and when population is lower, the mortality goes down.

Question 42

What does it mean when the line in a Density-dependent factor graph goes above the upper bound?

Answer 42

The mortality rate is low, but the population is high

Question 43

Hoe many humans are there on the earth right now?

Answer 43

Roughly 8 mil

Question 44

What shows exponential growth?

Answer 44

Doubling times

Question 45

Are we slowing down or increasing population as a human species/

Answer 45

Slowing down

Question 46

How is exponential growth fueled?

Answer 46

Drop in death rates

Question 47

Drop in death rates in human is due to what?

Answer 47

Better nutrition, medical care, lowered infant mortality leading to more newborns that can have their own offspring

Question 48

Are birth rates now starting to drop ?

Answer 48

Yes

Question 49

Growth rates are seen in _ year intervals.

Answer 49

5

Question 50

Why do we not know the earths carrying capacity?

Answer 50

Because K changes with agriculture efficiency, food habits, efficiency of space use... etc.

Question 51

When do projections show the human population leveling off?

Answer 51

50 years