Human Factors 1 Flashcards
(27 cards)
What does ergonomics mean?
Ergo - work
Nomos- laws
Human Factors
human - machine interface
emphasize designs that reduce the potential for human error
-used in psych referring to senses/perception and decision making
human factors diciplines
- HF engineering
- Engineering psychology
- Human-Machine interaction
- Cognitive engineering
- industrial/organizational psychology
User-centered design
systems designed to fit people
- reduce training time
- minimize human error
- improve comfort, safety and productivity
5 words to user -centered
accuracy self-efficacy safety satisfaction speed
Human factors Activities
accident investigation/expert witness
simulation, virtual reality & training
occupational and public health and safety
consumer products
basic and applied research
design considerations
affordances user stereotypes/expectancies stimulus-response compatibility cognitive ability sensation and perceptual capabilities user preferences
affordances
relation between an object and or environment and an organism that through a collection of stimuli affords the opportunity for that organism to perform an action
- orientation and or wording that afford behaviours other than those intended
affordances etc.
it defines how the object is to be interacted with for ex. handle on a mug
even the orientation of the mug or pot is part of the affordance
**define the interaction
problem with affordances
need to consider all stimuli - inconsistencies in physical and visual stimuli may lead to confusion and inappropriate responses
ex. handle usually associated with a pull not push but sign says push
more examples of inconsistencies
shower head - which way is to point to the cold/hot shape and color of recycling bins car doors creditcard readers opperating systems (computers)
False affordance
an apparent affordance that doesnt have a real function, meaning individual perceives nonexistent possibilities for action
example: placebo button (walk sign, close door on elevator)
placebo button
a push-button with apparent functionality that actually has no effect when pressed
-can be psychologically rewarding and give the illusion of control
hidden affordance
possibilities for action but they are not percieved by the individual example
opening a beer bottle with a remote control
User Stereotypes/Expectances
interaction with objects and or environments is impacted by prior experience - a cognitive stereotype to improve or hinder interaction
Positive Stereotype
increased quality and reaction time with correct object/environment response
Negative Stereotype
decreased quality and increased reaction time when similar object/environment but not same response required
Road-User Expectancy
expect a light to go green-yellow-red
adjust speed going into a curve based on experience with other curves
Road-User Expectancy
more experience the greater expectancy which can be good and bad
more driving leads to quicker more accurate reactions as long as the expectation is met
Road- User Expectancy
sudden changes in conditions violates expectancy and increases likelihood of driver error and increases reaction time becauase the driver takes longer to understand the situation
Considering Human Factors in Road Design
- avoid designing roads with sharp curves just over a crest of a hill
- place signs at locations where drivers expect and can see them
Stimulus-Response compatibility
the degree to which a person’s perception of the world is compatible with the required action
-described as the naturalness of the association between stimulus and its response
such as a left orientated stim requiring response from the left side
Studies about S-R compatibility
rely on natural affordances and stereotype expectancies to determine the natural human decision making
spatial mapping versus color mapping
examples of S-R
the dials on your stove not intuitively matching up to the burner (lack of natural mapping)
