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EPHE 456 > Human Factors 3 > Flashcards

Human Factors 3 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Sound

A

vibration of air molecules

  • object moving back and forth compresses and rarifies air
  • creates pressure that are at higher and lower atmospheric pressures
  • spreads in a wave which can be graphed 2D
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2
Q

amplitude

A

sound pressure percieved as loudness

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3
Q

frequency

A

cycles per second (hertz) perceived as pitch

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4
Q

pitch

A

wavelength/frequency

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5
Q

condensation

A

air particles vibrate about a fixed point

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6
Q

rarefaction

A

wave of vibration spreads outwards

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7
Q

3 tiny bones

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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8
Q

3 small bones

A

convert sound vibrations from air to fluid vibrations in the cochlea

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9
Q

eardrum

A

tympanic memebrane

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10
Q

cochlea

A

split into upper and lower part by basilar membrane - an elastic partition that runs from begining to end

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11
Q

basilar membrane

A

fluid in cochlea ripples and travelling wave forms along the basilar membrane

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12
Q

hair cells

A

sensory cells in basilar membrane that move up and down
microscopic hair-like projections (stereocilia) on top of the hair cells bump against an overlying structure and bend
bending causes channels which are at the tips of the steroeocilia to open up -chemicals rush in creating an electric signal

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13
Q

auditory nerve

A

carries electrical signal into the brain, which translates into a sound that we recognize and understand

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14
Q

hair cells and cochlea

A

different areas are sensitive to different frequencies - pitch
apex = 200Hz and the base = 20,000Hz

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15
Q

sound intensity

A

acoustic intensity - sound power per unit area

watt per square meter (W/m^2)

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16
Q

example decibBels

A 
weakest sound heard - 0.0
Average home - 50
normal conversation - 60
phone dial tone - 80 
Truck traffic - 90
chainsaw- 110
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17
Q

sound intensity

A

DECIBELS

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18
Q

equal intensities but different frequencies are perceived by the same person to have unequal loudness

A

example 60dB with freq. of 1000Hz sounds louder than 60dB with a frequency of 500Hz

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19
Q

phon

A

used to indicate an individuals perception of loudness. Definition is 1phon = 1 dB at 1000Hz

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20
Q

60-phon curve

A

volunteers subjected to 1kHz sound at 6dB this is the loudness of 60phon
-repeated with different frequencies

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21
Q

sone

Study These Flashcards
A

sone scale tells us how much louder one sound is than another

22
Q

interaction between sound amplitude and frequency

Study These Flashcards
A

the sound we hear

23
Q

most sensitive tones

Study These Flashcards
A

btw 1000-4000Hz

24
Q

Presbycusis

Study These Flashcards
A

hearing threshold elevation at high frequencies

25
noise induced hearing loss
sound can damage sensitive structures int he inner ear
26
NIHL
can be temporary or permenant - can effect both or one ear can be immediate or take a while to notice
27
hearing loss at work
15% OF AMERICANS have hearing loss by exposure to noise at work or leisure
28
what causes NIHL
long or repeated exposure to sounds at or above 85 dB can cause hearing loss
29
NIHL
most hearing loss is caused b damage and eventual death of hair cells - human hair cells don't grow back the louder the sound the shorter amount of time it takes for NIHL to happen
30
NIOSH recommendations
85 dB for eight hours to minimize occupational risk and recommends a 3dB exchange rate so that every increase by 3 dB doubles the amount of noise and halves the recommended exposure time
31
center for disease and control
also has noise recommendation
32
noise contouring
sound level meters used to measure dB at different places in a space and create a sound contour map
33
highest NIHL in canada
carpentry
34
tinnitus
ringing or buzzing or roaring in the head when no external noise is present
35
NIHL completely preventable by
``` know dB (above 85) wear earplugs move away from noise be alert to hazardous environment protect the ears of children raise awareness with friends and family have hearing tested ```
36
temporary threshold shift (TTS)
aka auditory fatigue is exposure to continuous or impluse of noise may cause temorary hearing loss that goes away 16-48 hrs later
37
TTS
in intense noise hair cells are bent and overstim leads to temporary paralysis of hair cells hair cells will shift to recover with time away from the noise
38
TTS
usually at frequencies higher than exposure frequency - usually 4000Hz
39
chronic noise exposure
leads to raised cortisol levels and other stress horomones | noise exposure above 67-70dB weak correlation with hypertension
40
noise levels of 50dB at night
may increase the risk of myocardial infraction
41
noise also associated with
headaches , ulcers, fatigue, vertigo
42
vestibular system
encodes linear and rotatory acceleration of the head senses constant linear acceleration by earth gravity so it senses head position with respect to constant gravitational acceleration
43
vestibular system
detects acceleration forces, maintains upright posture/balance and controls eye position relative to head
44
semicircular canals
``` angular acceleration (rotation) in 3 axes a crista embedded in jelly-like material(cupola) is supporte by hair cells that bend and fire in response to head rotation ```
45
vestibular sacs (utricle and saccule(
hair cells in a jelly like substance lag behind when head moves - linear acceleration
46
nystagmus
involuntary movement of eyes - mixture of fast and slow movements can occur normally when tracking visual pattern may also be abnormal and accompanied with vertigo (sensation of spinning)
47
spontaneous nystagmus
presented spontaneously
48
positional nystagmus
presented with a change in body position(specifically neck)
49
most likely to cause damage (frequency)
low frequency - because you can listen to a lot louder (higher decibels) because it is perceived as quieter
50
age related hearing loss
the threshold is higher so you can be exposed to them longer because you perceive them as quieter

EPHE 456 (5 decks)

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