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ATC Basic Theory > Human Factors > Flashcards

Human Factors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 parts of the competence wheel?

A
  • Unaware incompetent
  • Aware incompetent
  • Aware competent
  • Unaware competent
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2
Q

What are the 3 learning strategies?

A
  • Deep learners: make a serious attempt to turn other’s ideas into their personalized knowledge
  • Surface learners: simply scrape the surface of the study material, without any deep processing
  • Strategic learners: consciously set out to achieve the highest possible grades
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3
Q

What are the 4 types of learners?

A
  • Activists: Learning by doing
  • Reflectors: Learning by observing and thinking
  • Theorists: Like to have the theory behind the action
  • Pragmatists: Learning by trying things out
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4
Q

What is Kolb’s learning cycle, and how does it relate to the 4 types of learners?

A
  • Experiencing, related to activists
  • Reviewing, related to reflectors
  • Concluding, related to theorists
  • Planning, related to pragmatists
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5
Q

What are the 3 levels of situational awareness?

A
  1. Perception of elements in current situation
  2. Comprehension of current situation
  3. Projection of future status
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6
Q

What are the 3 areas of applied human factors?

A

Physical ergonomics
Cognitive ergonomics
Sociotechnical systems analysis

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7
Q

What are the three components of the sociotechnical systems approach?

A

Assets, Process, People

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8
Q

What is the definition of the individual approach?

A

The system is basically safe and has to be protected against unreliable individuals in it.
Human Error causes incidents: humans are the main contributors to accidents and incidents.
Failures are unpleasant surprises that do not belong in the system: mainly they are introduced by the inherent unreliability of individuals.

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9
Q

What is the definition of the systems perspective?

A

Systems are inherently flawed as a consequence of:
Production pressures, resource constraints, goal conflicts etc
It is people who create succes including safety on a daily basis by means of their: skillfulness, flexibility, ability to identify and forestall risk.

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10
Q

Human Factors in ATS systems contain interaction with? Name 3 components.

A

People, Procedures, Equipment

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11
Q

What are the components of the SHELL model?

A

Software, Hardware, Environment, LIveware and Liveware in the middle

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12
Q

What are Liveware - Software interfaces in the SHELL model?

A

Where humans interact with electronic or mechanical systems.
Example: all the weather info we get from sensors.
As controler be aware of the dangers in misinterpreting.

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13
Q

What are Liveware - Hardware interfaces in the SHELL model?

A

With everything you touch
Adjustable tables vs static tables with one height.
Humans are excellent at adapting to mismatches with hardware.

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14
Q

What are Liveware - Environment interfaces in the SHELL model?

A

These are found in all aspects of our surroundings.
Examples:
Temperature in the room / cockpit
Sun glare through the tower/cockpit windows

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15
Q

What are Liveware - Liveware interfaces in the SHELL model?

A

Every time other people are involved.
Every other person is vulnerable to the same shortcomings as we are, so the potential for error is multiplied.

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16
Q

What are the two types of unintended Actions in the taxonomy of unsafe acts?

A

Slip, Lapse

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17
Q

Which three types of violations are there?

A

Routine, optimizing, necessary violations

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18
Q

What are the three types of intended actions?

A

Mistakes, Violation, Sabotage

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19
Q

What are latent conditions in the taxonomy of unsafe acts?

A

Personal factors, environmental factors and social (organizational) factors.

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20
Q

What are functional barriers?

A

Impeding action from being carried out. Pre-conditions has to be met before an action can be carried out.

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21
Q

What are three areas in relation to stress?

A

Area of Control
Area of Influence
Are of Interest

22
Q

If you have a high degree of control but the demand is low, you are feeling?

A

Low Strain

23
Q

If you have a high degree of control and the demand is high, you are feeling?

A

Active and motivated

24
Q

To establish balance, what must we consider?

A

The demands and resources

25
Q

What are the 4 phases of a crisis?

A

Pre impact phase
Impact phase
Post impact phase
Recovery phase

26
Q

What is the human performance in the pre impact phase?

A

Alertnes - Identification of situation - mobilisation of resources

27
Q

What is the human performance in the impact phase?

A

High Vigilance - FFF responses - Trained responses - Tunneling

28
Q

What is the human performance in the post impact phase?

A

Runners high - Exhaustion - Critical Incident Stress

29
Q

What is the human performance in the recovery phase?

A

Fatigue recovery - CISM

30
Q

What is CISM?

A

Critical incident stress management is a system of peer-based defusing and debriefing interventions that help people recover from “trauma” faster.

31
Q

What is defusing?

A

Short intervention usually used within the first 24-48 hours

32
Q

What is debriefing? And it’s phases?

A

7 - step guided conversation:
Introduction
Facts
Thoughts
Reactions
Symptoms
Teaching
Re-entry

33
Q

What is the amount of cumulative sleep debt after a backward rapidly rotating ATC shift schedule?

A

3,5 hours

34
Q

How long may it take to recover of waking alertness and performance after accumulating a sleep debt?

A

May take longer than two nights of unrestricted sleep

35
Q

What is the definition of a slip?

A

When you intention is correct, but the task is not carried out as planned.
Generally errors we do once.
Example: mixing up numbers or the order of numbers.

36
Q

What is the definition of a lapse?

A

When the operator fails to do something. Can be more frequent than slips, particularly when boredom or fatigue play a part.
You forget to do something.
Example: you forget to send out a METAR at the correct time.

37
Q

What is the definition of a mistake?

A

When you carry out your intended plan, but the plan is faulty.
Errors of judgement
Errors in technique

38
Q

What is the difference between errors of commission vs omission?

A

Commission: an action is carried out. Resulting in an unwanted outcome.
Omission: no action is found, where in hindsight it was warranted.

39
Q

What are the parts of the mental team model?

A

Communication, Coordination, Cooperation

Task, Process, Team

40
Q

In newly established group, how is mutual trust established?

A

4 stages:
Forming, storming, norming, performing

41
Q

What are characteristics of a good teamwork?

A

Clear and common goal, that every team member is aware of
Open communication
Cooperation, support and trust
Appropriate leadership
Space for personal growth
Job satisfaction
Friendships may arise

42
Q

What are the three types of training of teamwork in aviation?

A

CRM for Pilots
TRM for ATS ground personnel
ARM for aerodrome staff

43
Q

What are the three layers of communication?

A

Verbal
Para-verbal
Non-verbal

44
Q

What are the six traits of personal professionalism?

A

Character, attitude, engagement, competency in Vocational Skill, Image, Continuous Improvement

45
Q

What are the 5 levels of the HUM-TECH ladder?

A

Political
Organizational
Team
Psychological
Physical

46
Q

What is the definition of a system?

A
  • A complex whole, consisting of many parts
  • Set of connecting things, working toward a common goal
  • Organised body of different things
47
Q

Information about a/c can be divided into two main types, which two?

A

Quantitative
Qualitative

48
Q

What are skill based errors?

A

Errors are unintentional, but chosen by the operator for a different outcome
Errors of execution, where a person deviates from normal course of action, because the person chooses action automatically not realising the situation doesn’t fit the action

49
Q

What are Rule based errors?

A

Errors of misinterpretation or misclassification, you have chosen the wrong rule for the situation
Errors are intentional, but the operator misread the situation, and chose the wrong rule

50
Q

What are Knowledge based errors?

A

Errors of knowledge or skill, the operator hasn’t got knowledge or skill to assess the situation, or to apply the knowledge and skill to the situation
Errors are intentional, but have the wrong outcome due to lack of experience

51
Q

What are the 3 essential types of a good team?

A

Doers
Carers
Thinkers

ATC Basic Theory (10 decks)

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